1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

A solid-state reaction technique was used to fabricate CuO-doped BCZT ceramics. The effects of CuO on density, phase structure, microstructure, domain structure, electromechanical properties, and power generation were systematically studied.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Ceramics were prepared with x mol% CuO (x=0,

3：25, 50, 75, 00) using raw materials including CaCO3, BaCO3, TiO2, ZrO2, and CuO. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included ball-milling for mixing, calcination furnace, pressing machine, sintering furnace, Archimedes principle for density, XRD (D/max 2400, Rigaku), FE-SEM (Quanta 200, FEI), LCR meter (E4980A, Agilent), d33 meter (ZJ-4A), impedance analyzer (Agilent 4294A), ferroelectric test system (Precision Premier ΙΙ, Radiant), PFM (MFP-3D, Asylum Research), exciter (K2007E01, Modal Shop), charge amplifier (MI2004, Eco Technologies), accelerometer (3211A, Dytran), and digital oscilloscope. Materials included polyvinyl alcohol binder.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Powders were weighed, mixed by ball-milling in ethanol for 24 h, dried, calcined at 1200°C for 4 h, mixed with PVA binder, pressed into disks, binder burnout at 550°C, sintered (undoped at 1450°C, doped at 1325°C for 4 h), then characterized for density, XRD, SEM, dielectric properties, piezoelectric properties, domain structure, and energy harvesting performance using cantilever beam setups.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using standard calculations for piezoelectric constants, efficiency, and power density, with comparisons to undoped samples and literature values.