1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

In-situ energy dispersive diffraction (EDD) experiments were conducted using synchrotron radiation to study peak profiles during conventional and flash sintering. A numerical model was developed to correlate temperature with power dissipation and sample geometry, incorporating heat loss due to radiation and conduction.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

8YSZ nanopowder from Tosoh Corporation was used to prepare green body compacts. Samples were pressed into pellets with varying thicknesses for geometric factor studies.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes an alumina stage with platinum electrodes, ball mill, agate mortar and pestle, stainless steel die, Zeiss Sigma Field Emission SEM, and the Advanced Photon Source Synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory for EDD. Materials include 8YSZ powder, PVA solution, zirconia balls, and diamond polishing paste.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

For conventional sintering, temperature was ramped at 10 °C/min to 1400 °C with spectra collected. For flash sintering, samples were heated to 1100 °C, and AC electric field (1000 Hz, 80 V/cm) was applied with current density limits of 10, 20, and 30 A/cm2. Spectra were collected with short acquisition times. Microstructural analysis involved density measurement, polishing, thermal etching, and SEM imaging.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data analysis included Pseudo-Voigt fitting of diffraction peaks, calculation of lattice parameters, grain size measurement using linear intercept method, and numerical solving of the heat equation to estimate temperatures.