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Laser and hybrid laser welding of type 316L(N) austenitic stainless steel plates
摘要： The effect of laser, Hybrid Laser-Tungsten inert gas (HLT) and Hybrid Laser-Metal inert gas (HLM) welding processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 5.6 mm thick 316L(N) stainless steel weld joints have been studied. The differences in weld metal microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld joints were evaluated and discussed. Weld bead geometry, ferrite number (FN), solidification mode, secondary dendrite arm spacing, hardness and tensile properties are compared. Laser weld joint showed narrow weld bead profile and a higher cooling rate than the hybrid laser arc weld joints and the weld metal manifested austenitic solidification mode. HLT weld displayed coarser weld metal microstructure due to higher heat input and austenitic ferritic solidification mode. HLM process possesses moderate heat input and cooling rate. The HLM weld metal exhibited ferritic austenitic solidification mode and 2.5 FN. The hardness of weld metal was higher in hybrid welding processes due to the higher ferrite content. HLM weld joint has higher yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and ductility compared to that of the other weld joints. HLM welding process also permits higher gap tolerance with filler metal addition and is recommended for welding of type 316L(N) stainless steel.
关键词： ferrite,stainless,welding,microstructure,steel,Laser,hybrid,solidification,316L(N),arc
更新于2025-11-21 11:24:58
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Reinforcement of a laser-textured 316L steel with CuCoBe-diamond composites through laser sintering
摘要： The aim of this work was the production and the characterization of a laser textured 316L stainless steel reinforced with CuCoBe-diamond composites by laser sintering. The composites were obtained from CuCoBe and synthetic diamond with different particle sizes by mechanical alloying. The influence of the reinforcement on the physical, chemical and surface properties was analyzed. The results showed that the textured pattern consisted of square pyramids with a machined area of approximately 80%. The interfaces between the steel and the reinforcement after sintering are well defined and sharp. A good adherence of the diamond particles to the CuCoBe matrix was achieved. The laser sintering process did not induce any phase transformations or oxidation of the reinforcement. The steel reinforced with the biggest diamond particles exhibited substantially better surface performance than the untextured material.
关键词： composites,sintering,diamond,steel,Mechanical,316L,CuCoBe,alloying,texturing,laser
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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In situ monitoring of the layer height in laser powder bed fusion
摘要： In situ process monitoring has frequently been cited as an critical requirement in certifying the performance of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) components for use in high integrity applications. Despite much development in addressing this need, little attention has been been paid to monitoring the layer thickness during the process. In this paper, a laser displacement sensor has been integrated into the build chamber of an LPBF machine, and the height of the top surface layer of a component has been monitored during a build. This has permitted the deposited layer thickness to be measured throughout the build, and the effect on this of a change in processing conditions is characterised. The thermal contraction of the top layer in between successive laser scans has also been evaluated. This demonstrates the potential of utilising laser displacement sensory as a process monitoring tool in LPBF and provides insightful data for implementation in detailed process models.
关键词： 316L steel,in situ testing,selective laser melting
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Selective laser melting 316L/CuSn10 multi-materials: Processing optimization, interfacial characterization and mechanical property
摘要： Adopting selective laser melting (SLM), a typical technology of additive manufacturing (AM), to form multi-material metallic composites is a challenging and promising field. In this study, SLM 316L/CuSn10 multi-material composites was an innovative attempt to develop functional and structural materials with excellent properties of steel and copper alloys. Dense 316L/CuSn10 specimens with no interfacial macrocracks were successfully fabricated. Results showed that the Vickers microhardness gradually decreased from 329.5±12.5 HV in 316L region to 172.8HV±7.4 in CuSn10 region. The ultimate tensile strength and flexural strength of 316L/CuSn10 sample was 210 MPa, which was higher than the steel/copper alloys fabricated by other methods. It indicated an ideal interfacial bonding condition of 316L/CuSn10 multi-material, which was benefited from sufficient agitation of the molten pools and elements diffusion in the term of continuous distribution of elements and the enrichment of the heterogeneous alloy phases. Also, the grain refinement by re-melting and recrystallization upgraded the bonding performance at the interface. Finally, the 316L/CuSn10 lattice structure was formed by SLM, hinting at the prospects for industrial applications of steel/copper multi-material by SLM in future.
关键词： Selective laser melting (SLM),Mechanical properties,Interface,316L/CuSn10,Multi-material,Microstructure
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Influence of processing parameters on the density of 316L stainless steel parts manufactured through laser powder bed fusion
摘要： Additive manufacturing technologies are becoming more popular, as they allow the fabrication of specific parts with complex geometries not achievable by conventional manufacturing. In metal additive manufacturing, one of the most widely used technologies is laser powder bed fusion. This work focuses on the influence of different processing parameters on the density of AISI 316L stainless parts obtained through this technology. The article presents a review of published works on the deposition of AISI 316L stainless steel using laser powder bed fusion to define an optimal range of parameters to produce parts with densities above 99%, complemented by density measurements for new sets of laser powder bed fusion processing parameters within the defined optimal range. The investigation provides a further insight on the effect of operating parameters such as vector size and gas atmosphere (Nitrogen and Argon) on the part density. The density measurements were performed using two techniques: micrograph analysis and Archimedes method. Results reveal that an increase in vector size has a negative influence on part density. With the Archimedes method, a maximum relative density of 99.87% was achieved using Nitrogen atmosphere, showing that it is possible to produce near fully dense parts by laser powder bed fusion without post-processing by laser re-melting.
关键词： hatch spacing,gas atmosphere,vector size,energy density,Additive manufacturing,AISI 316L,laser powder bed fusion
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Study of Microstructure and Properties of 316L with Selective Laser Melting Based on Multivariate Interaction Influence
摘要： The selective laser melting technique is widely used in aerospace and biomedical industries, and the performance of formed 316L parts is significantly subject to the forming angle. As the selective laser melting 316L parts are constrained by multiple performance indexes, the study involves multivariate interaction influenced on the forming parameters such as the angle with the xz plane, the angle with the xy plane, laser power, scan speed, powder thickness, and hatching space on the indexes like tensile strength, density, and surface roughness with linear regression equations based on multiobjective optimization to obtain the best process parameters. The study results of microstructure performance of the formed 316L parts show that the angle with the xz plane has significant effect on the experiment indexes, while the layer thickness has the greatest effect on the indexes. After stretching, the molten pools are obviously elongated and the microstructure of the formed 316L parts is composed of equiaxed crystals and columnar crystals with a grain width of 0.28–0.4 nm. The secondary growth of the dendrites is not obvious, and the crystallinity of the selective laser melting 316L parts is not as good as the standard parts, with the microstructure showing directional solidification due to grain refinement and microscopic distortion of crystals. As the fracture has dimples, it is a ductile fracture and typical plastic fracture. The hardness near the fracture is higher than that of the substrate, whilst the indexes regarding the selective laser melting parts are higher than the ASTM-A182 and ASTM-F3184-16 standards. Since the theoretical model built in this study has less error, the findings have practical engineering application value.
关键词： microstructure,multivariate interaction,selective laser melting,mechanical properties,316L stainless steel
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Single-crystalline-like stainless steel 316L with different geometries fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
摘要： In this study, we explored the feasibility of fabricating single-crystalline or single-crystalline-like stainless steel 316L (SS316L) with different geometries (thin struts, cubes, walls and a simulated pump impeller) using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The LPBF-fabricated SS316L thin struts possessed a single-crystalline core featuring a ?110? ∥ building direction (BD) crystallographic texture. The cubes, walls and the pump impeller preserved this ?110? ∥ BD texture and also exhibited a well-defined single-crystalline-like {110}?001? Goss texture. Cellular sub-grain structures with their primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) values smaller than 1 μm were discovered in all the samples with their growth directions showing a 45° angular deviation from the BD. Nanoscale precipitates and dislocations were also found in the cellular sub-grain structures of the thin struts. The mechanical properties of different geometries (the thin struts, the walls, and the simulated pump impeller) were studied and compared. The anisotropic mechanical responses of the walls and the simulated pump impeller were correlated with their crystallographic textures.
关键词： Single crystal,Geometries,Crystallographic texture,Laser powder bed fusion,Mechanical properties,Stainless steel 316L
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Study of expanded austenite formed in plasma nitrided AISI 316L samples, using synchrotron radiation diffraction
摘要： AISI 316L stainless steel samples nitrided at different conditions of temperature and time, showing different properties, such as nitrogen concentration (CN) and nitrided layer thickness, were studied. Expanded austenite (gN) diffraction peaks up to the (222) reflection were observed using suitable wavelength synchrotron radiation. XRD patterns were fitted by Le Bail method, using a special triclinic crystal structure (with a lattice distortion η) for gN, whose peaks were decomposed in a few subpeaks, to consider CN gradient across the nitrided layer. Our results indicate that regarding gN magnetic behavior, which was observed for the samples nitrided at 450 °C, it seems to be correlated not only to high CN (≥31at.%), but also to higher η (≥2.4°), which reaches up to 5.6°. This distortion η decreases when CN increases, consequently, with its minimum close to the surface. On the other hand, for paramagnetic samples (350 °C), η increases up to 1.4° when CN increases up to 30 at.%.
关键词： magnetic character,layer depth,AISI 316L stainless steel,expanded austenite,synchrotron diffraction,plasma nitriding
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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A Study on the Effect of Ultrashort Pulsed Laser Texturing on the Microstructure and Properties of Metastable S Phase Layer formed on AISI 316L Surfaces
摘要： Austenitic stainless steels (ASS) are an important material within the food and medical industries. However, their current limitations of poor wear resistance and susceptibility to bacterial colonisation have limited further uptake. Low-temperature plasma nitriding can address the poor durability of the ASS alloys by forming the S phase, therefore, providing combined improvement in hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Additionally, pulsed laser texturing can also be used to introduce functional antibacterial textures. However, due to the thermal nature of laser patterning and the thermodynamic metastability of the S phase, almost no research has been conducted thus far on combining the technologies. Therefore, this study for the first time has investigated the response of S phase treated surfaces to ultrashort (nano and femtosecond) laser texturing. The results have shown that, both theoretically and in practice, laser pulses within the nanosecond regime led to the damage of the surface, decomposition of the metastable S phase and loss of the corrosion resistance. In contrast, no change of the S phase surface layer could be detected following femtosecond laser texturing. Hence, demonstrating the feasibility of texturing S phase surfaces using femtosecond pulsed lasers, thus paving the way towards long-lasting multi-functional antibacterial stainless steel surfaces.
关键词： low-temperature nitriding,active-screen plasma,S phase,AISI 316L,thermal stability,pulsed laser texturing
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Collaborative Optimization of Density and Surface Roughness of 316L Stainless Steel in Selective Laser Melting
摘要： Although the concept of additive manufacturing has been proposed for several decades, momentum in the area of selective laser melting (SLM) is ?nally starting to build. In SLM, density and surface roughness, as the important quality indexes of SLMed parts, are dependent on the processing parameters. However, there are few studies on their collaborative optimization during SLM to obtain high relative density and low surface roughness simultaneously in the literature. In this work, the response surface method was adopted to study the in?uences of di?erent processing parameters (laser power, scanning speed and hatch space) on density and surface roughness of 316L stainless steel parts fabricated by SLM. A statistical relationship model between processing parameters and manufacturing quality is established. A multi-objective collaborative optimization strategy considering both density and surface roughness is proposed. The experimental results show that the main e?ects of processing parameters on the density and surface roughness are similar. We observed that the laser power and scanning speed signi?cantly a?ected the above objective quality, but the in?uence of the hatch spacing was comparatively low. Based on the above optimization, 316L stainless steel parts with excellent surface roughness and relative density can be obtained by SLM with optimized processing parameters.
关键词： 316L stainless steel,multi-objective optimization,relative density,selective laser melting,surface roughness
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59