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Assessing Physical Stability of Colloidal Dispersions Using Turbiscan Optical Analyzer
摘要： The physical stability of aqueous colloidal dispersions containing highly concentrated droplets of poorly water-soluble drugs has recently been identified as one of the main considerations in developing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Turbiscan, an instrument based on multiple light scattering technology, was employed for the first time to assess colloidal dispersions with ritonavir as the model compound. The physical instability of ritonavir-rich droplets was monitored directly with and without the presence of candidate polymer additives at different drug concentrations and temperatures. The mechanism of the observed instability was confirmed to be coalescence of liquid droplets, based on the low glass transition temperature of water-saturated amorphous ritonavir determined using a newly developed experimental procedure. Temperature and solvent composition, within the range studied, have little influence on the kinetics of ritonavir coalescence. On the contrary, higher concentration of drug, i.e., more droplets per unit volume, greatly accelerates the coalescence process. In addition, polymers with varying degrees of hydrophobicity resulted in different levels of effectiveness in stabilization which is likely related to the strength of drug-polymer interactions and the corresponding differences in surface adsorption. This work demonstrates that the Turbiscan optical analyzer can be used as a rapid screening tool that provides a first-pass, high-throughput feasibility ranking of different excipients and additives to support the development of ASD formulations.
关键词： nanodroplets,coalescence,glass transition temperature,physical stability,stabilization,amorphous,ritonavir,colloidal dispersions,Turbiscan
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Elasticity, Hardness, and Fracture Toughness of Sodium Aluminoborosilicate Glasses
摘要： Due to an increasing demand for oxide glasses with a better mechanical performance, there is a need to improve our understanding of the composition-structure-mechanical property relations in these brittle materials. At present, some properties such as Young’s modulus can to a large extent be predicted based on the chemical composition, while others – in particular fracture-related properties – are typically optimized based on a trial-and-error approach. In this work, we study the mechanical properties of a series of twenty glasses in the quartenary Na2O-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 system with fixed soda content, thus accessing different structural domains. Ultrasonic echography is used to determine the elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio, while Vickers indentation is used to determine hardness. Furthermore, the single-edge precracked beam (SEPB) method is used to estimate the fracture toughness (KIc) for some compositions of interest. The compositional evolutions of Vickers hardness and Young’s modulus are in good agreement with those predicted from models based on bond constraint density and strength. Although there is a larger deviation, the overall compositional trend in KIc can also be predicted by a model based on the strength of the bonds assumed to be involved in the fracture process.
关键词： Vickers hardness,fracture toughness,glass properties,Elastic moduli,crack path
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Light Transmission of Glasses Synthesized on the Basis of Quartz Sand of Different Deposits
摘要： Container and sheet glass are synthesized from various batches with the equivalent addition of complexing decolorizers. The effect of ceria and potassium nitrate on the light transmission coefficient is investigated. Measurement of optical characteristics of the glasses shows that light transmittance increases up to 90–93% (λ = 500–750 nm). It is determined that an increase in the concentration of ceria and potassium nitrate up to particular values in the case of each composition results in the increase in hydrolytic stability, TLCE, and the light transmission coefficient.
关键词： discoloration,iron oxide,light transmission coefficient,chemical stability,quartz sand,synthesis of glass,raw materials
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[ACM Press the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference - Heidelberg, Germany (2016.09.12-2016.09.16)] Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing Adjunct - UbiComp '16 - Experiential tangible UI for controlling lighting
摘要： In this demo we present a tangible UI concept for controlling the color of lighting. The interaction is performed by placing different color glass objects to a bowl of water. The system demonstrates an aesthetic design for a tangible UI, and aims to provide the user an experience-rich haptic UI. The demo aims towards decorative and calm UIs for home control systems. It seeks to hide conventional technology and switches, and is part of the ubiquitous computing design vision for calm computing.
关键词： Tangible user interface,water,calm computing,glass,light control systems,user experience
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Experimental study and prediction on impact scratching of single abrasive for K9 glass
摘要： The orthogonal test L16 (43) was designed, and the impact scratching experiment for K9 glass was carried out by using Vickers diamond indenter on the DMG ULTRASONIC 70-5 linear. The three-dimensional morphology of the surface for glass was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which was compared with that in the quasi static state. The strain rate of the grinding process was obtained by choosing the contact zone length as the impact contact length, which was the evaluation Index of impact. The relationships between strain rate and the depth of radial crack, strain rate and the depth of transverse crack, strain rate and normal scratching force were first analysed. The results showed that the depth of radial of crack, the depth of transversal crack and the normal scratching force decreased with the increase of strain rate. The two-layer BP neural network was established, which took the strain rate as input variables. The depth of radial crack, the depth of transversal crack and normal scratching force were predicted and the errors were within 10%, which indicated that the prediction results of BP neural network were reliable.
关键词： impact scratching,depth of crack,strain rate,BP neural network,K9 glass
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanowires onto ITO Glass Using T-CVD
摘要： Tungsten oxide is an n-type semiconductor with interesting physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for various technological applications. Tungsten oxide nanowires were synthesized not only at low temperature but also without the use of any catalysts. The tungsten oxide nanowires were synthesized at 550 °C with tungsten layers onto the ITO glass using thermal chemical vapor deposition (T-CVD). The SEM image shows that the tungsten oxide nanowires are effectively grown with the 200 nm tungsten film. The Raman spectra shoulder at ~690 cm-1 proves the synthesized of tungsten oxide nanowires.
关键词： ITO glass,thermal chemical vapor deposition,Tungsten oxide nanowires
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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A Design Principle for Actuation of Nematic Glass Sheets
摘要： A continuum mechanical framework is developed for determining (a) the class of stress-free deformed shapes and corresponding director distributions on the undeformed configuration of a nematic glass membrane that has a prescribed spontaneous stretch field and (b) the class of undeformed configurations and corresponding director distributions on it resulting in a stress-free given deformed shape of a nematic glass sheet with a prescribed spontaneous stretch field. The proposed solution rests on an understanding of how the Lagrangian dyad of a deformation of a membrane maps into the Eulerian dyad in three dimensional ambient space. Interesting connections between these practical questions of design and the mathematical theory of isometric embeddings of manifolds, deformations between two prescribed Riemannian manifolds, and the slip-line theory of plasticity are pointed out.
关键词： Thin sheets,Nematic glass,Actuation,Design
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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A Short History of Photosensitive Glass Patents
摘要： The development of photosensitive glass (PG) has a remarkable history since its first commercial discovery in the 1940s. The manufacturing of PG is one of the most widely reported methods for special glass manufacturing. PGs are capable of forming permanent photographic images when subjected to light, providing security, high quality and productivity. The first U. S. patent about photosensitive glass was filed on December 8th, 1943, and published July 18th, 1950, by Stanley Donald Stookey. A historical perspective about photosensitive glass represents an important step for future applications. PG has been considered one of the most interesting research areas with potential industrial applications. A number of companies and institutions have explored the usefulness of such special glasses. In this paper, we investigated the number of published manuscripts and patents and determined the correlation of research activities to the production of new PG materials. The United States, Japan and China have been leaders in photosensitive glass development and have contributed to an impressive rise of activity in PG based on a number of new publications, author keywords, affiliations and primary characterization techniques. We verified that the number of published fundamental PG studies was greater from academic institutions than from industrial laboratories. According to the European Patent Office, more than 6,228 patents have been globally filed prior to 2013 with the terms “photosensitive” and “glass” within the title or abstract. These numbers have continued to grow along with worldwide PG-related sales. Based on the Scopus database, for the same period, 1,301 PG documents (primarily manuscripts) were published with the same terms in the title, abstract or keyword list. Statistically, there have been fewer worldwide publications of manuscripts than patents.
关键词： patent,Glass,technology,history,photosensitive
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Quartz-containing glass-ceramics in the SiO <sub/>2</sub> -Li <sub/>2</sub> O-K <sub/>2</sub> O-MgO-CaO-Al <sub/>2</sub> O <sub/>3</sub> -P <sub/>2</sub> O <sub/>5</sub> system
摘要： Volume crystallization of quartz, triggered by adding P2O5, was investigated in the multicomponent SiO2–Li2O–K2O–MgO–CaO–Al2O3–P2O5 glass system. Glass‐ceramics comprising quartz as the main crystal phase besides lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) as a minor crystal phase were produced by controlled crystallization from the parent glass. According to quantitative crystal phase analysis by means of Rietveld refinement the mass fraction of the minor Li2Si2O5 phase decreased with increasing P2O5 content, while the fraction of quartz increased. Scanning electron microscopy revealed lath‐like Li2Si2O5 embedded in a matrix of rather globular quartz crystals forming an interlocking microstructure. Well machinable glass‐ceramics with a mean biaxial flexural strength of about 300 MPa and a fracture toughness of about 2.0 MPa × m0.5 could be realized. With mean values ≥13.6 × 10?6 K?1 the glass‐ceramics coefficient of thermal expansion is close to the one reported for low‐quartz crystals. The ease of production based on conventional glass melting and fabrication technology together with the good mechanical, optical, and machining properties enables the application of these materials in prosthodontics.
关键词： nucleation,lithium disilicate,low-quartz,glass-ceramics,quartz
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Engineering Tunable Broadband Near-Infrared Emission in Transparent Rare-Earth Doped Nanocrystals-in-Glass Composites via a Bottom-Up Strategy
摘要： Applications of trivalent rare earth (RE3+)-doped light sources in solid-state laser technology, optical communications, biolabeling, and solar energy management have stimulated a growing demand for broadband emission with flexible tunability and high efficiency. Codoping is a conventional strategy for manipulating the photoluminescence of active RE3+ ions. However, energy transfer between sensitizers and activators usually induces nonradiative migration depletion that brings detrimental luminescent quenching. Here, a transparent framework is employed to assemble ordered RE3+-doped emitters to extend the emission spectral range by extracting photons from a variety of RE3+ ions with sequential energy gradient. To block migration-mediated depletion between different RE3+ ions, a nanoscopic heterogeneous architecture is constructed to spatially confine the RE3+ clusters via a 'nanocrystals-in-glass composite' (NGC) structure. This bottom-up strategy endows the obtained RE3+-doped NGC with high emission intensity (nearly one order of magnitude enhancement) and broadband near-infrared emission from 1300 to 1600 nm, which covers nearly the whole low-loss optical communication window. Most crucially, NGC is a versatile approach to design tunable broadband emission for the potential applications in high-performance photonic devices, which also provides new opportunities for engineering multifunctional materials by integration and manipulation of diverse functional building units in a nanoscopic region.
关键词： luminescence,rare earth doping,broadband emission,nanocrystals-in-glass composite,near-infrared emission
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29