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Experimental investigation on Ytterbium fiber laser butt welding of Inconel 625 and Duplex stainless steel 2205 thin sheets
摘要： In this study, welding of Superalloy Inconel 625 and duplex stainless steel 2205 (DSS 2205) has been successfully performed through Ytterbium fiber laser at different heat inputs. With decreasing energy input, width of the weld bead narrowed and the mechanical properties of the joint improved. Characterization of the weld joint was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and micro-hardness testing. No solidification cracks or porosity was observed in the microstructure of the weld metal (WM). Cellular dendritic and columnar dendritic grains were main grain types observed in the weld metal. At heat input of 43 J/mm, inter-dendritic arms of the weld metal witnessed more segregation of Molybdenum and Niobium in comparison of welded samples at heat input of 21.5 J/mm. Carbides of Cr, Mo and Ni are formed in the weld joint interface as revealed by the XRD analysis. Tensile strength study reveals the maximum strength of 890 MPa when the heat supplied is low i.e. 21.5 J/mm. This strength value is more than that of the base metal (DSS 2205). The result obtained in terms of comprehensive structure-property correlation, recommends the effectiveness of laser beam welding for joining of the said dissimilar alloys.
关键词： Mechanical properties,Laser beam welding,Duplex stainless steel 2205,Microstructure,Inconel 625
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Pore space characteristics and corresponding effect on tensile properties of Inconel 625 fabricated via laser powder bed fusion
摘要： In this work, the tensile behavior of Inconel 625 parts fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) at different laser power levels is examined, and correlated to bulk porosity as well as pore characteristics such as pore size, aspect ratio morphology, and polar orientation extracted from X-ray computed tomography (CT). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to identify the fracture mode and origin of failure in the pulled samples. Microstructural examination on the as-built samples showed that increasing the laser power resulted in the transition of melting mode, from lack of fusion to keyhole, with an increase in part bulk density from 98.86% to 99.29%, respectively. It was found that the general bulk porosity level does not correlate directly with the Ultimate Tensile Strength (ranging between 780–820 MPa) and strain to fracture (ranging between 0.2–0.39) behavior of the parts. Detailed pore space characteristics obtained from CT datasets before and after the tensile test contributed to establishing a relationship between defects size, morphology, orientation and tensile properties of the samples. In general, it was found that strain to failure is directly influenced by pore space characteristics, while tensile strength is influenced by a combination of pore space and microstructural characteristics. This study also identified that there are systematic bias effects in the LPBF process, likely introduced by the combination of nuisance variables such as powder layer spreading and gas flow.
关键词： Inconel 625 alloy,Pore space characteristics,Laser powder bed fusion,Tensile behavior,X-ray computed tomography
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Experimental observation of stress formation during selective laser melting using in situ X-ray diffraction
摘要： Despite the ongoing success of metal additive manufacturing and especially the selective laser melting (SLM) technology, process-related defects, distortions and residual stresses impede its usability for fracture-critical applications. In this paper, results of in situ X-ray diffraction experiments are presented that offer insights into the strain and stress formation during the manufacturing of multi-layer thin walls made from Inconel 625. Using different measuring modes and laser scanning parameters, several experimental observations are discussed to validate and extend theoretical models and simulations from the literature. As a sample is built-up layer by layer, the stress state changes continuously up until the last exposure. The localized energy input leads to a complex stress field around the heat source that involves alternating tensile and compressive stresses. The correlation of temperature and yield strength results in a stress maximum at a certain distance to the top layer. The present study demonstrates the potential of high-energy synchrotron radiation diffraction for in situ SLM research.
关键词： Inconel 625,Selective laser melting,Stress formation,In situ,High energy synchrotron radiation diffraction
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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A Review on Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Inconel 625 Nickel-Based Alloy
摘要： The Inconel 625 (IN625) superalloy has a high strength, excellent fatigue, and creep resistance under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, and is one of the critical materials used for manufacturing high-temperature bearing parts of aeroengines. However, the poor workability of IN625 alloy prevents IN625 superalloy to be used in wider applications, especially in applications requiring high geometrical complexity. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a powerful additive manufacturing process which can produce metal parts with high geometrical complexity and freedom. This paper reviews the studies that have been done on LPBF of IN625 focusing on the microstructure, mechanical properties, the development of residual stresses, and the mechanism of defect formation. Mechanical properties such as microhardness, tensile properties, and fatigue properties reported by di?erent researchers are systematically summarized and analyzed. Finally, the remaining issues and suggestions on future research on LPBF of IN625 alloy parts are put forward.
关键词： additive manufacturing,heat treatment,Inconel 625,laser powder bed fusion,mechanical properties
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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An Integrated Approach for optimization of Pulsed ND: YAG Laser Beam Welding process
摘要： Laser beam welding is a non-traditional, advanced technique used for similar & dissimilar materials and is widely used in various industries like automobile, aerospace, nuclear reactors, etc. at a faster pace. As it is a complex process, it is very difficult to find the optimal process parameters. The primary point of welding is to acquire a high quality joints and requiring little to no effort. However, without optimization, it is impractical to accomplish minimal effort welding. The principle work of this exploration is to display, break down and improve weld bead geometry in the powerful ND: YAG laser butt welding of Inconel 625. However, in view of the literature review, the responses are continuous and have impact on the welding geometry. In this way the feasible varieties of the judgment factors are started by coordinating trial tests. The Design of Experiment (DOE) system is used to generating the experimental plan and then conducting the experiments according to the plan. After recording the responses Reaction Surface Methodology (RSM) is received for precise expectation numerical models to evaluate the response variables and are created from the experimental information. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have adopted from the MATLAB software for analysing the output response regression and provide the best curve fitting among the input and output variables.
关键词： DOE,ANN,Inconel 625,ND:YAG Laser,RSM
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Research of technological possibility of increasing erosion resistance rotor blade using laser cladding
摘要： The publication describes the results of the research of the influence of the parameters of the mode of a laser deposition on the metallurgy of deposited layers, mechanical characteristics and deformations of the samples. Plates, which had made of PC E36 steel and 15Cr11MoW steel, were used as samples. According to the results of experimental researches the peripheral areas of the input edges of the blades were made. Also, an experimental research was conducted on how the parameters of the mode and trajectory of the deposition influence on mechanical and operational characteristics, as well as the deformations forming in the product during the laser surfacing of the Stellite 6 alloy influence on the heat-resistant high-alloy steel 15Cr11MoW.
关键词： Rotor blade,15Cr11MoW,Stellite 6,ytterbium fiber laser,cladding blade,РС Е36,Inconel 625,laser cladding
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Laser Surface Treatment of Sintered Stainless Steels for Wear Resistance Enhancement
摘要： In the present study, sintered austenitic stainless steel type 316L was laser surface alloyed with Inconel 625 powder by the fibre optic laser. The Inconel 625 spheroidal powder of grain size 60-150 μm was introduced by the coaxial feeding head directly to the liquid metal, during laser surface alloying. The process parameters were selected to melt and fully dissolve alloying powder into the alloyed surface. As a result of laser alloying, the porosity of sintered stainless steel was eliminated, a uniform distribution of nickel and molybdenum in the entire alloyed zone was obtained. The alloyed surface shows fully austenitic microstructure of 17%Cr, 18%Ni, 3%Mo. The superficial hardness, microhardness and surface wear resistance were significantly improved in respect to an untreated substrate material. The presented technique of laser surface alloying can be easily applied for sintered austenitic stainless steel components where selected component surfaces require an improved surface performance.
关键词： Inconel 625,laser surface alloying (LSA),sintered stainless steels 316L,hardness,wear resistance
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Multi-Laser Powder Bed Fusion Benchmarking—Initial Trials with Inconel 625
摘要： Production rate is an increasingly important factor in the deployment of metal additive manufacturing (AM) throughout industry. To address the perceived low production rate of metal AM systems based on single-laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), several companies now offer systems in which melting has been parallelised by the introduction of multiple, independently controlled laser beams. Nevertheless, a full set of studies is yet to be conducted to benchmark the efficiency of multi-laser systems and, at the same time, to verify if the mechanical properties of components are compromised due to the increase in build rate. This study addresses the described technology gaps and presents a 4-beam L-PBF system operating in “single multi” (SM) mode (SM-L-PBF) where each of the four lasers is controlled so that it melts all of a particular components’ layers and produces specimens for comparison with standard L-PBF specimens from the same machine. That is all four lasers making all of some of the parts were compared to a single-laser manufacturing all of the parts. Build parameters were kept constant throughout the manufacturing process and the material used was Inconel 625 (IN625). Stress-relieving heat treatment was conducted on As-built (AB) specimens. Both AB and heat-treated (HT) specimen sets were tested for density, microstructure, tensile strength and hardness. Results indicate that the stress-relieving heat treatment increases specimen ductility without compromising other mechanical properties. SM-L-PBF has achieved a build rate of 14 cm3/h when four 200 W lasers were used to process IN625 at a layer thickness of 30 μm. An increase in the build rate of 2.74 times (build time reduction: 63%) has been demonstrated when compared to that of L-PBF, with little to no compromises in specimen mechanical properties. The observed tensile properties exceed the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) requirements for IN625 (by a margin of 22 to 26% in the 0.2% offset yield strength). Average specimen hardness and grain size are in the same order as that reported in literatures. The study has demonstrated that a multi-laser AM system opens up opportunities to tackle the impasse of low build rate in L-PBF in an industrial setting and that at least when operating in single mode there is no detectable degradation in the mechanical and crystallographic characteristics of the components produced.
关键词： Multi-laser powder bed fusion,Inconel 625,Selective laser melting,Additive manufacturing,Mechanical properties
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22