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Effect of concentration of DH6T on the performance of photoconductor fabricated using blends of P3HT and DH6T
摘要： The influence of small molecule (SM) α, ω-di-hexyl-sexithiophene (DH6T) concentration, in the blends of conjugated polymer (CP) poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and DH6T, was investigated in terms of barrier potential reduction and improved photoresponse of the fabricated photoconductor using these blends. Barrier potential in Au/P3HT:DH6T/Au device structure, occurring at the interface of Au (top)/P3HT:DH6Twas estimated by Fowler Nordheim (FN) tunneling model-based analysis of I-V characteristics. The barrier potential of the fabricated device was observed to decrease upon addition of a small quantity of DH6T in comparison to the pristine polymer-based device. This reduction in barrier was attributed to the improved ordering and morphology of the polymer chains upon blending it with an SM. The variation in the ordering of the polymer chains was further confirmed with Photoluminescence spectroscopy, Absorption spectroscopy, and XRD data. Subsequently, it was also observed that only up to a definite SM concentration (25% in this study) ordering of polymer chains improved causing a reduction in barrier potential and subsequent improvement in the photoresponse of the fabricated devices. Finally, it was observed that the optimized blending of CP and SM could to be useful in reducing the effect of penetration of Au inside the CP matrix in the top contact configuration thereby resulting in the reduction of a barrier for carrier injection which is generally lower in the bottom contact configurations. These studies are critical from the point of view of the development of photoconductors and photosensitive top contact organic field effect transistors (OFETs).
关键词： Barrier potential,Small molecule,Photoconductor,Conjugated polymer
更新于2025-11-19 16:56:35
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Nitrogen-embedded small-molecule semiconducting materials: Effect of chlorine atoms on their electrochemical, self-assembly, and carrier transport properties
摘要： We reported three novel nitrogen-embedded small molecules 4a, 4b, and 4c, which were synthesized from the condensation reactions of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-2,6(3H,7H)-dione with 1-(2-ethylhexyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2,3-dione, 6-chloro-1-(2-ethylhexyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2,3-dione, or 4,6-dichloro-1-(2-ethylhexyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2,3-dione, respectively. Their optical, electrochemical properties, self-assembly behavior, and carrier transport properties were studied by a range of experimental and theoretical methods, and the effect of chlorine atoms were well discussed. Energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbitals and the lowest unoccupied ones for these molecular materials locate at ?5.92～?6.02 and ?4.25～?4.37 eV, respectively. Bottom gate/bottom contact field-effect transistors based on 4a, 4b, and 4c exhibited n-channel transport characteristics with the highest electron mobility of 7.57 × 10?3 cm2 V?1 s?1. Thin film microstructure investigations revealed 4a and 4c perform lamellar molecular packing with random orientations to the OTS-treated SiO2 substrate, while 4b conducts a highly crystalline, edge-on, lamellar packing though large grain boundaries exist in its thin film.
关键词： Isoindigo derivatives,Chlorine atoms,Small-molecule semiconductors,Electron mobilities,Organic field-effect transistors
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Optical Imaging of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells in Xenograft Athymic Mice Using an ICAM-1-Targeting Small-Molecule Probe
摘要： Purpose: The development of early, accurate diagnostic strategies for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a significant challenge. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) overexpressed in human TNBC cells is a potential molecular target and biomarker for diagnosis. In this study, small-molecule probe (denoted as γ3-Cy5.5) constructed with a short 17-mer linear peptide (γ3) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye cyanine 5.5 (Cy5.5) was used to detect the expression of ICAM-1 in vitro and in vivo, and to diagnose TNBC via NIRF imaging. Procedures: Western blotting and flow cytometric analysis were used for the detection of ICAM-1 expression in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxicity of the small-molecule probe γ3-Cy5.5 was detected using the CCK8 assay. The in vitro targeting of the small-molecule probe γ3-Cy5.5 was verified via flow cytometry and a laser scanning confocal microscope. Finally, the targeting of small-molecule probe in vivo and ex vivo was observed by NIRF imaging. Results: Western blotting and flow cytometry demonstrate that ICAM-1 was highly expressed in the MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line. Laser confocal microscopy and flow cytometry results show that TNBC cells have an increased cellular uptake of γ3-Cy5.5 compared to the control probe γ3S-Cy5.5. With in vivo NIRF, a significantly higher Cy5.5 signal appeared in the tumors of mice administered γ3-Cy5.5 than those treated with γ3S-Cy5.5. The target-to-background ratio observed on the NIRF images was significantly higher in the γ3-Cy5.5 group (10.2, 13.6) compared with the γ3S-Cy5.5 group (4.4, 4.0) at 1 and 2 h, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first report of the use of ICAM-1-specific small-molecule probe for in vivo NIRF optical imaging of TNBC. This method provides a noninvasive and specific strategy for the early diagnosis of TNBC.
关键词： Triple-negative breast cancer,Near-infrared fluorescence imaging,Small-molecule probe,ICAM-1
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Exploiting electrostatic shielding-effect of metal nanoparticles to recognize uncharged small molecule affinity with label-free graphene electronic biosensor
摘要： Label-free electronic biosensors as the non-electrochemical analytical tools without requirement of sophisticated instrumentation have become attractive, although their application in competitive affinity sensing of uncharged small molecules is hindered by a difficulty in the development of competing analogues. To break through this bottleneck, we report a novel analogue made by epitope-modified metal nanoparticles to enable the electronic signaling of small-molecule analyte recognition via competitive affinity. While the electronic signaling capability of metal nanoparticle analogues is demonstrated by a graphene field-effect transistor bioassay of small-molecule glucose as a proof-of-principle, interestingly, we discover a new electronic signaling mechanism in the metal nanoparticle affinity, different to the intuitive charge accumulation expectation. On the basis of Kelvin-probe force microscopic potential characterization and theoretical discussion, we fundamentally elucidated the signaling mechanism as a seldom used electrostatic shielding-effect, that is, in the analogue-receptor affinity, metal nanoparticles with the charge density lower than receptor biomolecules can reduce the collective electrical potential via charge dispersion. Further consider the convenient epitope-modifiability of metal nanoparticles, the easy-to-develop analogues for diverse target analyte might potentially be predictable in the future. And the application of label-free electronic biosensors for the competitive affinity bioassay of range-extended small molecules may thus be promoted based on the electrostatic shielding-effect.
关键词： electrostatic shielding-effect,competitive affinity,graphene field-effect transistor biosensor,uncharged small molecule,metal nanoparticle analogue
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Visualize Embryogenesis and Cell Fate Using Fluorescent Probes with Aggregation-Induced Emission
摘要： Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorogen-dextran conjugate are tracers extensively used for injection-based lineage tracing. However, HRP is sensitive to proteolytic digestion while the high-molecular-weight dextran may have antigenicity. Small molecular tracers can overcome these problems, but they usually diffuse from labeled cells, causing inaccurate information. Herein, we developed a small-molecular-weight fluorogen with aggregation-induced emission (AIEgen) for embryonic cell tracing with strong signals against tracer dilution caused by cell division. Once injected into the ancestor cells, the AIEgen can be entrapped in the cells without leakage because of the two hydrophilic and neutral arms. Consequently, it can specifically trace the progenies of the treated ancestor cells. More importantly, the operating concentration of AIEgen can be much higher than those of fluorogens with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), which provides bright signals in daughter cells during embryonic cell tracing, thus overcoming the problem of fast signal degrading typically encountered with the use of traditional cell tracers.
关键词： bright signals,small molecule,aggregation-induced emission,cell entrapped,embryonic cell,zebrafish lineage tracing
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Sharp phase-separated interface of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene/polystyrene blend films prepared by electrostatic spray deposition
摘要： In this study, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on blend films comprising 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS pentacene) and polystyrene (PS) were fabricated. The blend films were prepared by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). A vertically phase-separated structure (TIPS pentacene (top)/PS (bottom)) can be spontaneously formed without additional treatments such as solvent-vapor annealing, which is significantly different from the blend with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Due to the sharp phase-separated interface, OFETs based on the TIPS pentacene/PS blend films exhibited superior characteristics and operational stability.
关键词： Organic field-effect transistor,Small molecule/polymer blend,Electrostatic spray deposition,Vertical phase separation
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Carbazole based ionic small molecule emitter for non-doped light-emitting electrochemical cells
摘要： Great efforts have been made to develop blue emitting organic small molecules for light-emitting electrochemical cells. Herein, blue emitting CPC (CarPhenCar) was synthesized and its emissive properties were studied. CPC exhibits blue fluorescence in toluene solution as well as in solid thin-films. CPC exhibits good thermal and electrochemical stabilities. Application of CPC molecule in solution processed light-emitting electrochemical cells resulted blue emission centered at 485 nm with brightness of 454 cd/m2, current efficiencies of 1.33 cd/A and external quantum efficiencies of 1.76%. These results adequately demonstrate the practicability of tuning the emission color of phenothiazine derivative into blue region.
关键词： Small molecule,ionic,light-emitting electrochemical cells,blue fluorescence
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Highly Efficient All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Appropriate Active Layer Morphology by Side Chain Engineering of Donor Molecules and Thermal Annealing
摘要： It is very important to fine-tune the nanoscale morphology of donor:acceptor blend active layers for improving the photovoltaic performance of all-small-molecule organic solar cells (SM-OSCs). In this work, two new small molecule donor materials are synthesized with different substituents on their thiophene conjugated side chains, including SM1-S with alkylthio and SM1-F with fluorine and alkyl substituents, and the previously reported donor molecule SM1 with an alkyl substituent, for investigating the effect of different conjugated side chains on the molecular aggregation and the photophysical, and photovoltaic properties of the donor molecules. As a result, an SM1-F-based SM-OSC with Y6 as the acceptor, and with thermal annealing (TA) at 120 °C for 10 min, demonstrates the highest power conversion efficiency value of 14.07%, which is one of the best values for SM-OSCs reported so far. Besides, these results also reveal that different side chains of the small molecules can distinctly influence the crystallinity characteristics and aggregation features, and TA treatment can effectively fine-tune the phase separation to form suitable donor–acceptor interpenetrating networks, which is beneficial for exciton dissociation and charge transportation, leading to highly efficient photovoltaic performance.
关键词： small molecule donor materials,all-small-molecule organic solar cells,interpenetrating networks,side-chain engineering,thermal annealing
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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A Novel Wide-Bandgap Small Molecule Donor for High Efficiency All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Small Non-Radiative Energy Losses
摘要： All-small-molecule organic solar cells (SM-OSCs) have attracted considerable attention owing to the merits of small molecules, such as easy purification, well-defined chemical structure and less batch-to-batch variation. To achieve high-performance SM-OSCs, the rational design of well-matched donor and acceptor materials to reduce energy losses is extremely essential. In this work, we developed a novel wide-bandgap small molecule donor, namely BTTzR, by firstly introducing the thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (TTz) unit as the building block. The optimized SM-OSCs based on BTTzR and Y6 exhibited an outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.9%. More importantly, the devices demonstrated very small non-radiative energy losses of 0.18 eV, which are similar to that of inorganic counterparts. This work indicates that BTTzR is a promising small molecule donor material for high-performance SM-OSCs application and provides a new sight of material design to reduce the non-radiative energy losses in the OSCs.
关键词： small molecule donor,organic solar cells,energy losses,wide-bandgap,high efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Organic Solar Cells Based on Small Molecule Donor and Polymer Acceptor Operating at 150 ?°C
摘要： Organic Solar Cells Based on Small Molecule Donor and Polymer Acceptor Operating at 150 oC. Inorganic or organic solar cells always operate at temperature lower than 100 oC and are not suitable for operating at high temperature. In this work, using blends of small molecular donor and polymer acceptor (MD/PA-type) as the active layers, we develop efficient and stable organic solar cells (OSCs), which can operate at temperature up to 150 oC. The device exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.51%, which is the highest value reported to date for MD/PA-type OSCs. After thermal treatment at 150 oC for 72 hours, the device can retain 84% of its initial PCE value. This superior device stability at high temperature is attributed to the high phase transition temperatures of the two materials in the MD/PA-type active layer. This work suggests a new advantage of high-temperature tolerance for OSCs.
关键词： Power Conversion Efficiency,Small Molecule Donor,Organic Solar Cells,Polymer Acceptor,High Temperature Operation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01