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Using near infrared measurements to evaluate NaCl and KCl in water
摘要： Spectral differences between aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl have received minimal attention in previous research due to strong similarities between the two salts and the lack of motivation to differentiate between them. Correlations between salinity and absorbance have been developed previously with varying degrees of linearity but have not been tested to saturation. This work will demonstrate that correlating spectral measurements and the concentration of NaCl and KCl in water can be extended up to the saturation point of both salts and that solutions of these salts with unknown concentrations can be distinguished. Spectral data for samples of NaCl and KCl in single-salt solutions were collected up to saturation and correlations were developed for differentiating between solutions of the two species. These correlations were able to correctly identify the solution type for all solutions in the test set and estimate their concentrations with an average error of 0.9%.
关键词： spectroscopy,salinity,KCl,NaCl,water,absorbance
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 OCEANS - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean (OTO) - Kobe, Japan (2018.5.28-2018.5.31)] 2018 OCEANS - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Oceans (OTO) - Deep Neural Network for Source Localization Using Underwater Horizontal Circular Array
摘要： This paper applies deep neural network (DNN) to source localization in a shallow water environment using underwater horizontal circular array. The proposed method can discriminate source locations in a three-dimension space. The proposed method adopts a two-stage scheme, incorporating feature extraction and DNN analysis. In feature extraction step, the eigenvectors corresponding to the modal signal space, which are shown to be able to represent the propagating modes of the sound source, are extracted as the input feature of DNN. The eigenvectors are obtained by applying eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) of the covariance matrix of the received multi-channel signal. In DNN analysis step, time delay neural network (TDNN) is used to construct the mapping relationship between the eigenvectors and the source locations, because it is capable of making use of sequential information of the source signal. The output of the network is the source location estimates. Several experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
关键词： shallow water environment,modal signal space,Deep neural network,horizontal circular array,source localization
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Recent Improvements in the Production of Solar Fuels: From CO <sub/>2</sub> Reduction to Water Splitting and Artificial Photosynthesis
摘要： This account deals with recent trends and challenges regarding photo(electro)chemical solar fuels produced by CO2 reduction and water splitting. The CO2 reduction process is limited by product selectivity, catalyst stability, and its complex reaction mechanism. A variety of catalysts—including thermocatalysts, photocatalysts, electrocatalysts, and combinations of photo- and electrocatalysts—have been employed to facilitate selective and durable CO2 reduction. In addition, the roles of the supporting electrolyte, pH, reaction temperature, chemical environment, and catalyst surface chemistry in efficient CO2 reduction have been thoroughly studied in recent years. Effective use of solar light is a significant part of realizing efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion during the water splitting process, and so the response of photo(electro)systems to visible light is key. To this end, several strategies have been studied in detail, including band engineering of photocatalysts, photocatalytic systems that mimic natural photosynthesis, and the development of photoanodes and their combination with photovoltaic systems. Here, we summarize recent developments surrounding the CO2-reduction and water-splitting reactions and progress towards achieving artificial photosynthesis.
关键词： Artificial photosynthesis,CO2 reduction,Water splitting
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Valencia (2018.7.22-2018.7.27)] IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - A Novel Approach to Select Anchor Pixels in Sebal Model by Using Inputs from SAR Images
摘要： The proper selection of anchor pixels (hot and cold pixels) for calculating the sensible heat flux (H) in SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) is a critical aspect to be considered. The current study proposes a novel method to select the cold and hot pixels using the soil moisture measurements derived from the SAR images. The Water cloud Model (WCM) derived soil moisture values combined with NDVI and Land Surface Temperature values were used to locate the anchor pixels in the current study. The results confirmed that the capability of SAR images combined with optical images will help in the appropriate selection of anchor pixels. The ET values obtained in the study showed good agreement with the ground conditions.
关键词： Landsat8,Hot and Cold Pixels,Water Cloud Model,Sentinel1A,SEBAL
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Atmospheric Profile Retrieval Algorithm for Next Generation Geostationary Satellite of Korea and Its Application to the Advanced Himawari Imager
摘要： In preparation for the 2nd geostationary multi-purpose satellite of Korea with a 16-channel Advanced Meteorological Imager; an algorithm has been developed to retrieve clear-sky vertical profiles of temperature (T) and humidity (Q) based on a nonlinear optimal estimation method. The performance and characteristics of the algorithm have been evaluated using the measured data of the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) on board the Himawari-8 of Japan, launched in 2014. Constraints for the optimal estimation solution are provided by the forecasted T and Q profiles from a global numerical weather prediction model and their error covariance. Although the information contents for temperature is quite low due to the limited number of channels used in the retrieval; the study reveals that useful moisture information (2~3 degrees of freedom for signal) is provided from the three water vapor channels; contributing to the increase in the moisture retrieval accuracy upon the model forecast. The improvements are consistent throughout the tropospheric atmosphere with almost zero mean bias and 9% (relative humidity) of root mean square error between 100 and 1000 hPa when compared with the quality-controlled radiosonde data from 2016 August.
关键词： optimal estimation,next generation geostationary imager,total precipitable water,clear sky atmospheric profile retrieval,Himawari AHI,information contents
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Degradation and inactivation of adenovirus in water by photo-electro-oxidation
摘要： The present study analyzed the efficiency of the photo-electro-oxidation process as a method for degradation and inactivation of adenovirus in water. The experimental design employed a solution prepared from sterile water containing 5.107 genomic copies/L (gc/L) of a standard strain of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) divided into two equal parts, one to serve as control and one treated by photo-electro-oxidation (PEO) for 3 hours and with a 5A current. Samples collected throughout the exposure process were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for viral genome identification and quantitation. Prior to gene extraction, a parallel DNAse treatment step was carried out to assess the integrity of viral particles. Integrated cell culture (ICC) analyses assessed the viability of infection in a cell culture. The tested process proved effective for viral degradation, with a 7 log10 reduction in viral load after 60 minutes of treatment. The DNAse-treated samples exhibited complete reduction of viral load after a 75 minute exposure to the process, and ICC analyses showed completely non-viable viral particles at 30 minutes of treatment.
关键词： advanced oxidation process,water,adenovirus,photo-electro-oxidation
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Under Near-UV Using Pd-Doped Mesoporous TiO2 and Ethanol as Organic Scavenger
摘要： Photocatalysis can be used advantageously for hydrogen production using a light source (near-UV light), a noble metal-doped semiconductor and an organic scavenger (2.0 v/v% ethanol). With this end, palladium was doped on TiO2 photocatalysts at different metal loadings (0.25 to 5.00 wt%). Photocatalysts were synthetized using a sol-gel method enhancing morphological properties with a soft template precursor. Experiments were carried out in the Photo-CREC Water II reactor system developed at CREC-UWO (Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre- The University of Western Ontario) Canada. This novel unit offers hydrogen storage and symmetrical irradiation allowing precise irradiation measurements for macroscopic energy balances. Hydrogen production rates followed in all cases a zero-order reaction, with quantum yields as high as 30.8%.
关键词： Quantum Yield,Photo-CREC Water II reactor,Palladium,Hydrogen production,TiO2
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Effects of nitrogen-dopant bonding states on liquid-flow-induced electricity generation of graphene: A comparative study
摘要： We fabricate, measure and compare the effects of the bonding states of dopant nitrogen atoms in graphene devices, specifically on the liquid-flow-induced electricity by these devices. We find that nitrogen doping enhances the voltage induced by liquid flow regardless of the nitrogen bonding state. However, different nitrogen bonding states affect graphene’s conductivity differently: while graphitic nitrogen is suitable for electricity-generation applications, pyridinic nitrogen is hopeless for this purpose, due to the formation of symmetry-breaking defects of the latter.
关键词： Water-graphene interface,Nitrogen doped graphene,Flow-induced electricity generation
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology] Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture XI Volume 546 (11th IFIP WG 5.14 International Conference, CCTA 2017, Jilin, China, August 12-15, 2017, Proceedings, Part II) || Summary of Agricultural Drought Monitoring by Remote Sensing at Home and Abroad
摘要： Drought is one of the major natural disasters which causes very severe impacts on economy and society, remote sensing is the efficient method which can dynamic monitor drought at a great range of scale, the research on agricultural drought monitoring has been an important issue. This paper introduces the principle of agricultural drought monitoring based on remote sensing technology, and reviews the current remote sensing approaches in drought monitoring. Combined with the current research hotspots, this paper offers the further research ideas by discussing the dominances and limitations of these methods.
关键词： Remote sensing,Agricultural drought,Methods,Soil water
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) - Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (2018.10.21-2018.10.25)] 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) - Modelling and Evaluating Performance of Large Off-Grid PV Systems for Water Pumping
摘要： This paper discusses modelling of photovoltaic pumping system (PVPS) applications and presents a simple but accurate model for the evaluation of performance of a large-scale multi-pump off-grid PVPS', with single axis solar tracking and variable frequency drive control of pumps. The presented model is validated on an example of an actual 357 kWp 2-pump PVPS installation, demonstrating its use for feasibility and planning studies. The results of a brief economic analysis of the considered off-grid PVPS suggest an estimated 10-year payback period, when compared to the cost of a grid-connected configuration.
关键词： Off-grid supply,water pumping,PV installation
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29