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Zwitterion Nondetergent Sulfobetaine-Modified SnO <sub/>2</sub> as an Efficient Electron Transport Layer for Inverted Organic Solar Cells
摘要： Tin oxide (SnO2) has been widely accepted as an effective electron transport layer (ETL) for optoelectronic devices because of its outstanding electro-optical properties such as its suitable band energy levels, high electron mobility, and high transparency. Here, we report a simple but effective interfacial engineering strategy to achieve highly efficient and stable inverted organic solar cells (iOSCs) via a low-temperature solution process and an SnO2 ETL modified by zwitterion nondetergent sulfobetaine 3-(4-tert-butyl-1-pyridinio)-1-propanesulfonate (NDSB-256-4T). We found that NDSB-256-4T helps reduce the work function of SnO2, resulting in more efficient electron extraction and transport to the cathode of iOSCs. NDSB-256-4T also passivates the defects in SnO2, which serves as recombination centers that greatly reduce the device performance of iOSCs. In addition, NDSB-256-4T provides the better interfacial contact between SnO2 and the active layer. Thus, a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and longer device stability of iOSCs are expected for a combination of SnO2 and NDSB-256-4T than for devices based on SnO2 only. With these enhanced interfacial properties, P3HT:PC60BM-based iOSCs using SnO2/NDSB-256-4T (0.2 mg/mL) as an ETL showed both a higher average PCE of 3.72%, which is 33% higher than devices using SnO2 only (2.79%) and excellent device stability (over 90% of the initial PCE remained after storing 5 weeks in ambient air without encapsulation). In an extended application of the PTB7-Th:PC70BM systems, we achieved an impressive average PCE of 8.22% with SnO2/NDSB-256-4T (0.2 mg/mL) as the ETL, while devices based on SnO2 exhibited an average PCE of only 4.45%. Thus, the use of zwitterion to modify SnO2 ETL is a promising way to obtain both highly efficient and stable iOSCs.
关键词： inverted organic solar cells (iOSCs),zwitterion nondetergent sulfobetaine (NDSB-256-4T),Tin oxide (SnO2),power conversion efficiency (PCE),electron transport layer (ETL)
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Construction of Effective Polymer Solar Cell Using 1,7-Disubstituted Perylene Diimide Derivatives as Electron Transport Layer
摘要： The poor compatibility of an inorganic electron transport layer with the active layer and an ultrathin film organic material becomes a great obstacle in producing high-quality polymer solar cells with high-throughput roll-to-roll (R2R) method. Novel effective polymer solar cells had been fabricated by introducing 1, 7-disubstituted perylene diimide derivatives PDIH, PDIC, and PDIN as an electron transporting layer. It was noteworthy that PDIN could obviously improve the power conversion efficiency of solar cells that incorporated a photoactive layer composed of poly[(3-hexylthiophene)-2, 5-diyl] (P3HT) and the fullerene acceptor [6, 6-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester] (PC71BM). The power conversion efficiency varies from 1.5% for ZnO transparent cathode-based solar cells to 2.1% for PDIN-based electron transport layer-free solar cells. This improved performance could be attributed to the following reasons: the interaction between N atom in PDIN and O atom in indium tin oxide (ITO) reduced the work function of ITO, increased the built-in electric field, and thus lowered the electron transport barrier and improved the electron extraction ability of cathode, the appropriate roughness of the active layer increased the contact area with anode interfacial layer and enhanced the hole transport efficiency. These experimental results revealed that PDIN can be a promising novel effective material with a simplified synthesis process and lower cost as an electron transporting layer.
关键词： polymer solar cells,electron transport layer,perylene diimide derivatives,indium tin oxide,power conversion efficiency
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Scalable fabrication of organic solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors
摘要： Organic solar cells have recently experienced a substantial leap in power conversion efficiency, in part driven by formulations with new non-fullerene acceptors. This has brought the technology past the psychologically important mark of 15 % efficiency for unscaled laboratory devices, and the results are stimulating another burst of research activity. Whether this will propel the technology into a viable commercial contender has yet to be determined, but to realize the potential of organic solar cells for utility scale application, fabrication using scalable processing techniques has to be demonstrated - otherwise, the passing of the 15 % mark will eventually leave no more lasting impact than what the passing of the 10 % mark did. Thus, addressing the scaling lag between the 15 % cell efficiencies of lab-scale devices on rigid glass substrates fabricated using non-scalable techniques and the 7 % efficiencies of scalably fabricated devices on flexible substrates is key. Here, we discuss the concept of scalability and give an account of the literature on non-fullerene acceptor devices fabricated with scalable methods and materials. On the basis of this, we identify three crucial focus points for overcoming the lab-to-fab challenge: i) dual temperature control, i.e. simultaneous control of the ink and substrate temperatures during deposition, ii) systematic in situ morphology studies of active layer inks with new, green solvent formulations during continuous deposition, and iii) development of protocols for continuous solution processing of smooth, transparent interfacial layers with efficient charge transfer to the active layer. Combining these efforts and in general accompanying such studies with stability analyses and fabrication of large-area, scalably processed devices are believed to accelerate the relevance of organic solar cells for large-scale energy supply.
关键词： roll-to-roll processing,organic solar cells,non-fullerene acceptors,power conversion efficiency,scalable fabrication
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) - Baltimore, MD, USA (2019.9.29-2019.10.3)] 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) - Fault-Tolerant LED Lighting Systems Featuring Minimal Loss of Luminous Flux
摘要： The adoption of lighting systems based on LED technologies gain further significance as these technologies become mature, particularly within the context of homes and offices. LED technologies are well-known for the superior reliability standards and extended lifetime. Unfortunately, power electronic technologies used to drive LED lighting systems are unable to reach identical levels of longevity. Particularly, active semiconductors pose one of the major hurdles to the full exploitation of the LEDs lifetime. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant LED driver, derived from the single-inductor multiple-output (SIMO) topology, which combines the benefits of fault tolerance, multiple and independent fixture control, and full dimming range, on a single LED driver. Two alternative reconfiguration strategies ensure, whenever feasible, that none of the LED fixtures suffer significant depreciation of luminous flux during the post-fault driver operation. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant LED driver.
关键词： LED lighting,Fault tolerance,DC-DC power conversion
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Wet chemical etching of cadmium telluride photovoltaics for enhanced open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency
摘要： Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is one of the leading photovoltaic technologies with a market share of around 5%. However, there still exist challenges to fabricate a rear contact for ef?cient transport of photogenerated holes. Here, etching effects of various iodine compounds including elemental iodine (I2), ammonium iodide (NH4I), mixture of elemental iodine and NH4I (I?/I3? etching), and formamidinium iodide were investigated. The treated CdTe surfaces were investigated using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The CdTe devices were completed with or without treatments and tested under simulated AM1.5G solar spectrum to ?nd photoconversion ef?ciency (PCE). Based on Raman spectra, XRD patterns, and surface morphology, it was shown that treatment with iodine compounds produced Te-rich surface on CdTe ?lms, and temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics showed reduced back barrier heights, which are essential for the formation of ohmic contact and reduce contact resistance. Based on current–voltage characteristics, the treatment enhanced open-circuit voltage (VOC) up to 841 mV, ?ll factor (FF) up to 78.2%, and PCE up to 14.0% compared with standard untreated CdTe devices (VOC ; 814 mV, FF ; 74%, and PCE ; 12.7%) with copper/gold back contact.
关键词： open-circuit voltage,fill factor,Cadmium telluride,wet chemical etching,photovoltaics,power conversion efficiency
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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13.7% Efficiency Small‐Molecule Solar Cells Enabled by a Combination of Material and Morphology Optimization
摘要： Compared with the quick development of polymer solar cells, achieving high-efficiency small-molecule solar cells (SMSCs) remains highly challenging, as they are limited by the lack of matched materials and morphology control to a great extent. Herein, two small molecules, BSFTR and Y6, which possess broad as well as matched absorption and energy levels, are applied in SMSCs. Morphology optimization with sequential solvent vapor and thermal annealing makes their blend films show proper crystallinity, balanced and high mobilities, and favorable phase separation, which is conducive for exciton dissociation, charge transport, and extraction. These contribute to a remarkable power conversion efficiency up to 13.69% with an open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V, a high short-circuit current of 23.16 mA cm?2 and a fill factor of 69.66%, which is the highest value among binary SMSCs ever reported. This result indicates that a combination of materials with matched photoelectric properties and subtle morphology control is the inevitable route to high-performance SMSCs.
关键词： morphology,energy loss,power conversion efficiency,small-molecule solar cells,nonfullerene acceptors
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Dopant-free molecular hole transport material that mediates a 20% power conversion efficiency in a perovskite solar cell
摘要： Organic molecular hole-transport materials (HTMs) are appealing for the scalable manufacture of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because they are easier to reproducibly prepare in high purity than polymeric and inorganic HTMs. There is also a need to construct PSCs without dopants and additives to avoid formidable engineering and stability issues. We report here a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.6% with a molecular HTM in an inverted (p–i–n) PSC without any dopants or interlayers. This new benchmark was made possible by the discovery that, upon annealing, a spiro-based dopant-free HTM (denoted DFH) containing redox-active triphenyl amine (TPA) units undergoes preferential molecular organization normal to the substrate. This structural order, governed by the strong intermolecular interactions of the DFH dioxane groups, affords high intrinsic hole mobility (1 (cid:2) 10(cid:3)3 cm2 V(cid:3)1 s(cid:3)1). Annealing films of DFH also enables the growth of large perovskite grains (up to 2 lm) that minimize charge recombination in the PSC. DFH can also be isolated at a fraction of the cost of any other organic HTM.
关键词： molecular organization,dopant-free,perovskite solar cells,hole-transport materials,power conversion efficiency
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Inorganic halide perovskite materials and solar cells
摘要： Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved an inspiring third-party-certificated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.2%, which is comparable with commercialized silicon (Si) and copper indium gallium selenium solar cells. However, their notorious instability, including their deterioration at elevated temperature, is still a serious issue in commercial applications. This thermal instability can be ascribed to the high volatility and reactivity of organic compounds. As a result, solar cells based on inorganic perovskite materials have drawn tremendous attention, owing to their excellent stability against thermal stress. In the last few years, PSCs based on inorganic perovskite materials have seen an astonishing development. In particular, CsPbI3 and CsPbI2Br PSCs demonstrated outstanding PCEs, exceeding 18% and 16%, respectively. In this review, we systematically discuss the properties of inorganic perovskite materials and the device configuration of inorganic PSCs as well as review the progress in PCE and stability. Encouragingly, all-inorganic PSCs, in which all functional layers are inorganic, provide a feasible approach to overcome the thermal instability issue of traditional organic-inorganic PSCs, leading to new perspectives toward commercial production of PSCs.
关键词： inorganic halide perovskite,solar cells,thermal stability,power conversion efficiency,all-inorganic PSCs
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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In situ Construction of Gradient Heterojunction using Organic VOx Precursor for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted tremendous attention recently but the energy levels between the perovskite absorber and conventional hole transport layers (HTL) are mismatch, resulting in the lower open-circuit voltages (Voc) than that of regular PSCs. Herein, a gradient heterojunction (GHJ) based on poly(3,4?ethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrenesulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/PEDOT:PSS-VOx was constructed in situ by low-temperature annealing and used as HTL of the inverted PSCs. This GHJ structure fabricated conveniently by doping a small amount of triisopropoxyvanadium oxide isopropyl alcohol solution into the PEDOT:PSS solution during spin-coating can efficiently facilitate charge separation and improve charge extraction efficiency, leading to significantly improved PSC performance with Voc up to 1.02 V and power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 18.0%. More impressively, owing to the more hydrophobic surface and lower acidity than the PEDOT:PSS layer after the formation of high work function VOx mainly on the surface of HTL, the GHJ-based PSCs show excellent long-term stability, which retain over 80% or 70% of their initial PCEs after exposure to full spectrum illumination in N2 for 750 h or in air for 175 h, respectively. These results illustrate the significant advantages of the in situ formed VOx-modified HTLs in gradient structures using organic VOx precursors, providing important clues in constructing GHJ for inverted PSCs with high efficiency and stability.
关键词： Gradient heterojunction,Hole transport layer,Stability,Power conversion efficiency,Perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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New Conjugated Polymers Based on Dithieno[2,3‐e:3′,2′‐g]Isoindole‐7,9(8H)‐Dione Derivatives for Applications in Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： We have designed two new wide bandgap A1-D1-A2-D1 conjugated polymers with same dithieno[2,3-e:3’,2’-g]isoindole-7,9(8H)-dione (DTID) acceptor (A1) and D1 (thiophene donor) and different A2 acceptor units i.e. benzothiadiazole (BT) and fluorinated benzothiadiazole (f-BT) denoted as P113 and P114 and investigated the effect of fluorination the benzothiadiazole acceptor unit on photovoltaic properties of polymer solar cells using non-fullerene acceptor. We found that the incorporation of fluorine atom into the benzothiadiazole acceptor unit increases the absorption coefficients and the relative dielectric constant. The increase in the photoluminescence quenching, reduction in charge recombination loss and improvement in the charge carrier life are observed for the P114. These all factors resulted in dramatically improved the power conversion efficiency of P114:ITIC-m based polymer solar cell to 10.42 % with small energy loss of 0.56 eV as compared to P113 counterpart (8.74 % with energy loss of 0.69 eV) under identical conditions. The low energy loss is beneficial to overcome the trade-off between open circuit voltage and short circuit current.
关键词： low energy loss,dielectric constant,Polymer solar cells,power conversion efficiency,fluorinated backbone
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22