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A dual fuel microfluidic fuel cell utilizing solar energy and methanol
摘要： Methanol is a volatile fuel which can be fed into micro?uidic fuel cells in vaporized form. However, the methanol oxidation reaction is relatively sluggish compared with the hydrogen oxidation reaction. Therefore, a novel dual fuel micro?uidic fuel cell system powered by both methanol and methanol-derived hydrogen via photocatalysis is developed, which can achieve much improved cell performance while eliminating the hydrogen transportation, storage and safety issues. Pt/P25 is adopted as the photocatalyst which photo-reforms the methanol to hydrogen in the fuel tank. The intermediate during the photoreforming process can also be fed into the micro?uidic fuel cell as a fuel. Di?erent cell performance can be achieved by varying the fuel-water mix ratios in the tank. By optimizing the ratio, the peak power density can be increased by more than 10 times when the system is exposed to simulated solar light (3 suns) illumination.
关键词： Micro?uidic fuel cell,Methanol,Hydrogen,Photocatalysis,Mixed potential
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Modeling and Simulation of a Photosynthetic Solar Cell
摘要： Solar energy’s potential as a clean, abundant, and economical energy source can be effectively exploited if it is converted to electricity. Photosynthetic solar cells (PSCs) convert sunlight to electricity by using plant cells via photosynthesis and respiration. These processes can be interrupted to provide a path of lesser resistance for the transfer of protons and electrons in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. PSCs require no organic fuel, no active feeding system, and produce carbon-neutral power both day and night. In this article, the mechanisms of photosynthesis that generate electrons and protons in the anode chamber are described and modeled. In addition, the concentrations of various species in the anode and cathode chambers, including plant cells, sugars, reducing agents, and catalysts, are modeled as a function of time and used to simulate the electric potential across the fuel cell. The resulting flow of electrons through the external circuit is described. The influence of non-ideal effects is described and modeled, such as the resistance to the motion of protons, reactants, and products through the electrolyte, which contributes to a voltage drop across the cell. The activation energy required for the chemical reactions also contributes to voltage drop. These dynamics are modeled using differential equations for each species. This model can be used to predict the dynamics of a PSC system under various conditions.
关键词： Microbial fuel cell,Cell power,Modeling,Photosynthetic solar cell,Solar energy,Cell voltage
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Femtosecond Laser Additive Manufacturing of Multi-Material Layered Structures
摘要： Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of a multi-material multi-layer structure was investigated using femtosecond fiber lasers. A thin layer of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and a Ni–YSZ layer were additively manufactured to form the electrolyte and anode support of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). A lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) layer was then added to form a basic three layer cell. This single step process eliminates the need for binders and post treatment. Parameters including laser power, scan speed, scan pattern, and hatching space were systematically evaluated to obtain optimal density and porosity. This is the first report to build a complete and functional fuel cell by using the LAM approach.
关键词： femtosecond laser,laser,fuel cell,additive manufacturing,fiber laser,YSZ,SOFC
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) - Paris, France (2018.10.14-2018.10.17)] 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) - Power Flow Control of a Standalone Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid System
摘要： The major challenge facing photovoltaic (PV) sources penetration, especially for standalone applications, is their intermittent nature; hence hybrid systems arise where more than one energy source feed the same DC-bus. In this paper, a hybrid PV-fuel cell system is considered to serve a variable DC load under environmental changes. PV is considered the primary source of energy whereas the fuel cell (FC) is its backup. To enhance system reliability and cost effectiveness, batteries are added to supply energy during emergencies. A load sharing strategy is presented and tested for a variable load and irregular irradiation profile. Simulation results validated the proposed strategy, fulfilling a daily residential load during summer and winter months in Egypt.
关键词： fuel cell,load sharing strategy,hybrid system,battery bank,Photovoltaic sources
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Validation of autonomous renewable energy hybrid wind/photovoltaic/RHFC prototype for the cell tower industry using MATLAB/Simulink
摘要： A large number of telecommunication base stations operate on unreliable grid or no grid at all, and rely on batteries or diesel generators for primary or back-up energy. This paper proposes an autonomous renewable energy micro-grid, using Solar Photovoltaics and Wind Turbine to generate electricity, and a Regenerative Hydrogen Fuel Cell as back-up power for up to 10 days. The system is validated using MATLAB/Simulink software and real-life weather data and optimized for a 25kW micro-grid near Dakar, Senegal. The simulations show a smart load-following system that instantaneously recognizes the cheapest source of electricity to power the load. Levelised Cost of Electricity based on the outcomes of the MATLAB/Simulink model show the economic potential of an RHFC as back-up for micro-grids, allowing cheap and reliable electricity to rural areas in developing countries, with a LCOE of 6.71 p/kWh, RHFC is by far the cheapest back-up for this application.
关键词： Simulation,Energy Storage,Hydrogen,Fuel Cell,Renewable Energy
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Polarizability and Catalytic Activity Determine Good Titanium Oxide Crystals but Not Homogeneity in Solar Cells Using Photocatalysts on Both Electrodes
摘要： TiO2 is advantageous when used on the anode of a solar cell (SC) and achieves an electromotive force of 2 V when using another photocatalyst on the cathode (dual-photoelectrode fuel cell). However, both sufficient photocatalytic activity and electronic conductivity are required for the film, and these two requirements compete with each other. Herein, uniformly sized and shaped spheroidal, cubic, and “rhombic” TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized, forming films using casting, slide, ball milling–slide (BS), and ball milling–mechanical (BD) methods. The AC/DC impedances of the films followed the order “rhombic”-ball milling–slide > “rhombic”-slide > cubic-slide > spheroidal-ball milling–mechanical > P25-casting ~ P25-slide ~ spheroidal-BS ~ spheroidal-slide ~ P25-ball milling–mechanical, demonstrating that “rhombic” and cubic TiO2 films were unsuitable for use on the SC photoanode. The reverse reaction rates of cathode reaction (water photo-oxidation), i.e., the 18O2 exchange reaction, were evaluated, which followed the order Cubic-TiO2 > Spher-TiO2 > Rhomb-TiO2 ~ P25-TiO2, demonstrating that the synthesized TiO2 was unsuitable for water oxidation. Polarizability and catalytic activity of TiO2 crystals were critical to maximize SC performance, and fluorescence peak intensity at 372–366 nm was well correlated to SC performance. P25-Slide on a photoanode at pH 1.78 and BiOCl-Cast on a photocathode at pH 2.00 enabled a maximum power of 85.2 μW cm?2 and an open-circuit voltage of 1.94 V.
关键词： Water oxidation,Impedance,Solar cell,Dual-photoelectrode fuel cell,TiO2,Photocatalyst,Polarizability,Isotope tracing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Terahertz multi-band unidirectional reflectionless phenomenon in a MIM plasmonic waveguide system based on near-field coupling
摘要： Existing oil leakage detection approaches on the ocean or on the land have suffered from shortcomings like low-sensitivity, environment-vulnerability and high cost and energy consumption. A unique simple-structured upward open-channel microbial fuel cell (UOC-MFC) was developed to solve these challenges, in which the open-channel rolled cathode vertically floated on the electrolyte solution surface and simultaneously contacted with both air and water. Oil presence covered the cathode surface, blocked the oxygen diffusion on the cathode and thus caused the prompt drop of the potential readings of the UOC-MFC sensors. The oil shock tests using engine oil (EO) showed that the potential decrease and the response time exhibited excellent linear relationships (R2 > 0.99) with the EO amount, indicating a good sensitivity. Due to the separation of the anode and the invading oil, the UOC-MFC sensor recovered its external potential within 2.3 h after the EO shock tests, indicating a good reusability. The power density of the UOC-MFC was 450 mW/m3 under normal condition and dropped to 207 mW/m3 after EO shock due to the internal resistance increasing from 1.29 to 3.80 kΩ. The UOC-MFC integrated with a power management system (PMS) theoretically supported a voltage meter and data transmitter. This study well demonstrated the great potential of the UOC-MFC for in-situ detecting oil presence in a real-time self-sustained mode.
关键词： Biosensor,Upward open-channel (UOC),Self-sustainability,Oxygen diffusion on cathode,Microbial fuel cell,Oil presence monitoring
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering || Biophotovoltaics
摘要： The expeditious increase in population, the furtherance of people’s lifestyles, and the liability to nurture the needs of growing populations critically demand the exploration of prodigious energy devices with remarkable potentials to meet the current massive energy demand and address great environmental concerns (Angelaalincy et al. 2018). Among the widely established alternative and renewable energy sources, fuel cells have been considered as one of the most significant energy devices, owing to their ability to generate and store energy with high efficiency and at affordable costs with trivial greenhouse emissions (Senthilkumar et al. 2018). Moreover, fuel cells have been in existence for ages and are undergoing rapid evolutionary changes with thriving technological advancements. The history of biofuel cells dates back to the early eighteenth century, and this technology became so captivating then that many researchers started experimenting and publishing results on fuel cells in the following years. However, the actual microbial fuel cell (MFC) employing pure cultures of bacteria was successfully demonstrated in the 1980s by H. Peter Bennetto (Bennetto et al. 1980).
关键词： Electron transfer mechanisms,Microbial solar cells,Fuel cell–solar cell hybrids,Biophotovoltaics,Photosynthetic microbial fuel cells
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Techno-economic study of off-grid hybrid photovoltaic/battery and photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell power systems in Kunming, China
摘要： The objective of this study is to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/battery and PV/battery/fuel cell (FC) power systems for a community center comprising 100 households in Kunming by using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software. HOMER is used to define the optimum sizing and techno-economic feasibility of the system equipment based on the geographical and meteorological data of the study region. In this study, different hybrid power systems are analyzed to select the optimum energy system while considering total net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (COE). The results showed that the optimal hybrid PV/battery system comprised 500 kW PV modules, 1200 7.6-kWh battery units, and 500 kW power converters. The proposed system has an initial cost of $6,670,000, an annual operating cost of $82,763/yr, a total NPC of $7,727,992, and a levelized COE of $1.536/kWh. While the PV/battery/FC power system is possible, the cost increases were due to the investment cost of the FC system. The optimal PV/battery/FC system has an initial cost of $6,763,000, an annual operating cost of $82,312/yr, a total NPC of $7,815,223, and a levelized COE of $1.553/kWh.
关键词： electrolyzer,levelized cost of energy,hydrogen,Hybrid power system,total net present cost,fuel cell,solar energy
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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A facile synthesis of graphene nanoribbon-quantum dot hybrids and their application for composite electrolyte membrane in direct methanol fuel cells
摘要： In this work, we report the concept of synthesizing graphene nanoribbon-graphene quantum dot (GNR-GQD) hybrids with even grafting of GQD on GNR sheet in a facile single step process under ultrasonication in chlorosulfonic acid. Further, diazotization route is followed for the preparation of 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate precursor to sulfonate both GNR and GQD to form sulfonated graphene nanoribbons-sulfonated graphene quantum dots (sGNR-sGQD) nanohybrids. Synergistic and structure dependent effect of nanohybrids is seen via its dispersion in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) to form nanocomposite membrane. sPEEK/sGNR-sGQD (1.5 wt. %) nanocomposite membrane shows remarkable direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performance compared to pristine sPEEK and Nafion 117 with 40 % increment in peak power density along with higher durability up to 100 h due to better physicochemical properties like water uptake, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, and reduced methanol crossover to suggest its potential which includes diverse membrane applications.
关键词： Graphene nanoribbon-graphene quantum dot hybrids,Nanohybrids,Nanocomposite membrane,Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone),Direct methanol fuel cell
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36