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Preclinical stress originates in the rat optic nerve head during development of autoimmune optic neuritis
摘要： Optic neuritis is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Although it is the presenting symptom in many cases, the initial events are currently unknown. However, in the earliest stages of autoimmune optic neuritis in rats, pathological changes are already apparent such as microglial activation and disturbances in myelin ultrastructure of the optic nerves. αB-crystallin is a heat-shock protein induced in cells undergoing cellular stress and has been reported to be up-regulated in both multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therefore, we wished to investigate the timing and localization of its expression in autoimmune optic neuritis. Although loss of oligodendrocytes was not observed until the later disease stages accompanying immune cell infiltration and demyelination, an increase in oligodendrocyte αB-crystallin was observed during the preclinical stages. This was most pronounced within the optic nerve head and was associated with areas of IgG deposition. Since treatment of isolated oligodendrocytes with sera from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-immunized animals induced an increase in αB-crystallin expression, as did passive transfer of sera from MOG-immunized animals to unimmunized recipients, we propose that the partially permeable blood–brain barrier of the optic nerve head may present an opportunity for blood-borne components such as anti-MOG antibodies to come into contact with oligodendrocytes as one of the earliest events in disease development.
关键词： EAE,optic nerve head,optic neuritis,oligodendrocyte,αB-crystallin,auto-antibody
更新于2025-11-21 11:08:18
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Characterization of Abnormal Optic Nerve Head Morphology in Albinism Using Optical Coherence Tomography
摘要： PURPOSE. To characterize abnormalities in three-dimensional optic nerve head (ONH) morphology in people with albinism (PWA) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to determine whether ONH abnormalities relate to other retinal and clinical abnormalities. METHODS. Spectral-domain OCT was used to obtain three-dimensional images from 56 PWA and 60 age- and sex-matched control subjects. B-scans were corrected for nystagmus-associated motion artefacts. Disc, cup, and rim ONH dimensions and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (ppRNFL) thickness were calculated using Copernicus and ImageJ software. RESULTS. Median disc areas were similar in PWA (median ? 1.65 mm2) and controls (1.71 mm2, P ? 0.128), although discs were significantly elongated horizontally in PWA (P < 0.001). In contrast, median optic cup area in PWA (0.088 mm2) was 23.7% of that in controls (0.373 mm2, P < 0.001), with 39.4% of eyes in PWA not demonstrating a measurable optic cup. This led to significantly smaller cup to disc ratios in PWA (P < 0.001). Median rim volume in PWA (0.273 mm3) was 136.6% of that in controls (0.200 mm3). The ppRNFL was significantly thinner in PWA compared with controls (P < 0.001), especially in the temporal quadrant. In PWA, ppRNFL thickness was correlated to ganglion cell thickness at the central fovea (P ? 0.007). Several ONH abnormalities, such as cup to disc ratio, were related to higher refractive errors in PWA. CONCLUSIONS. In PWA, ocular maldevelopment is not just limited to the retina but also involves the ONH. Reduced ppRNFL thickness is consistent with previous reports of reduced ganglion cell numbers in PWA. The thicker rim volumes may be a result of incomplete maturation of the ONH.
关键词： albinism,optic nerve head,optical coherence tomography
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Quantification of collagen fiber structure using second harmonic generation imaging and two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform analysis: Application to the human optic nerve head
摘要： Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy is widely used to image collagen fiber microarchitecture due to its high spatial resolution, optical sectioning capabilities and relatively non-destructive sample preparation. Quantification of SHG images requires sensitive methods to capture fiber alignment. This paper presents a 2D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based method for collagen fiber structure analysis from SHG images. The method includes integrated Periodicity Plus Smooth Image Decomposition (PPSID) for correction of DFT edge discontinuity artefact, avoiding the loss of peripheral image data encountered with more commonly used windowing methods. Outputted parameters are: the collagen fiber orientation distribution, aligned collagen content and the degree of collagen fiber dispersion along the principal orientation. We demonstrate its application to determine collagen microstructure in the human optic nerve head, showing its capability to accurately capture characteristic structural features including radial fiber alignment in the innermost layers of the bounding sclera and a circumferential collagen ring in the mid-stromal tissue. Higher spatial resolution rendering of individual lamina cribrosa beams within the nerve head is also demonstrated. Validation of the method is provided in the form of correlative results from wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and application of the presented method to other fibrous tissues.
关键词： Second Harmonic Generation,edge effect artefact correction,Discrete Fourier Transform,optic nerve head,collagen fiber structure,Non-linear microscopy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Relationship between retinal vessel diameter with both retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters in middle‐aged Caucasians: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort Eye study
摘要： Purpose: To study the normal relationship between retinal vessel diameter (RVD) with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters in a cohort of middle-aged Caucasians. Methods: We investigated 3070 individuals (6140 eyes). Central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) were measured in the right eye using a semi-automated computer-assisted program. Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and ONH parameters were assessed with Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT). Results: Data from 2217 persons were analysed including RNFL, CRAE, CRVE, sex, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, diabetes status, smoking status, optic disc area, rim area, spherical refraction and intraocular pressure. A larger RVD was associated with a thicker mean global RNFL thickness especially in global and inferior segments of the retina and with larger optic discs. Each 10 lm increase in the retinal arteriolar calibre was associated with a 5.58 lm increase in mean global RNFL thickness; the corresponding value for a 10 lm increase in venular calibre was 3.79 lm (p < 0.001 for both). Retinal venular calibre displayed consistent associations with RNFL thickness in both genders (p < 0.001 for all), whereas the association of arteriolar calibre and RNFL was more prominent in men (p < 0.001). Conclusion: We found strong associations between larger RVD and thicker RNFL in all subjects. This study helps to clarify the association between RVD, RNFL thickness and ONH parameters and provides normal values for middle-aged Caucasians that will help in future studies investigating the role of vascular aetiology in systemic and eye diseases.
关键词： optic nerve head,retina,IVAN,Heidelberg retinal tomography,central retinal venular equivalent,central retinal arteriolar equivalent
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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The relationship between optic nerve head deformation and visual field defects in myopic eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma
摘要： Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the morphologic features of myopic optic nerve head (ONH) and visual field (VF) defects in myopic subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by intraindividual comparison. Methods: Myopic POAG subjects with unilateral glaucomatous VF defect were recruited. The morphologic features of myopic ONH, including optic disc tilt, optic disc rotation, and β-zone parapapillary atrophy (PPA) were measured from color fundus photographs. The comparisons were performed between the eyes with VF defects and the contralateral eyes without VF defects. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between various ocular parameters and the presence of VF defects. Results: We retrospectively included 100 eyes of 50 myopic POAG subjects. (Mean age: 50.1 ± 10.0 years). The tilt ratio was similar between the paired eyes. The degree of optic disc rotation (12.96 ± 7.21?) in eyes with VF defects were statistically greater than the contralateral eyes (6.86 ± 4.30?; P < 0.001) without VF defect. The β-zone PPA-to-disc area ratio was significantly greater in eyes with VF defects than the contralateral eyes (P = 0.024) without VF defect. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the greater degree of optic disc rotation was significantly associated with the presence of VF defects (P < 0.001). However, tilt ratio, β-zone PPA-to-disc area ratio, refractive error, and axial length were not associated with the presence of VF defects. Conclusions: Among the morphologic features of myopic ONH, only the greater degree of the optic disc rotation was associated with the presence of VF defects in myopic subjects with POAG.
关键词： optic nerve head deformation,Myopia,POAG
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Enhanced Structure-Function Relationship in Glaucoma With an Anatomically and Geometrically Accurate Neuroretinal Rim Measurement
摘要： PURPOSE. To evaluate the structure–function relationship between disc margin–based rim area (DM-RA) obtained with confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT), Bruch’s membrane opening–based horizontal rim width (BMO-HRW), minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) obtained with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and visual field sensitivity. METHODS. We examined 151 glaucoma patients with CSLT, SD-OCT, and standard automated perimetry on the same day. Optic nerve head (ONH) and RNFL with SD-OCT were acquired relative to a fixed coordinate system (acquired image frame [AIF]) and to the eye-specific fovea-BMO center (FoBMO) axis. Visual field locations were mapped to ONH and RNFL sectors with fixed Garway-Heath (VFGH) and patient-specific (VFPS) maps customized for various biometric parameters. RESULTS. Globally and sectorally, the structure–function relationships between DM-RA and VFGH, BMO-HRWAIF and VFGH, and BMO-HRWFoBMO and VFPS were equally weak. The R2 for the relationship between DM-RA and VFGH ranged from 0.1% (inferonasal) to 11% (superotemporal) whereas that between BMO-HRWAIF and VFGH ranged from 0.1% (nasal) to 10% (superotemporal). Relatively stronger global and sectoral structure–function relationships with BMO-MRWAIF and with BMO-MRWFoBMO were obtained. The R2 between BMO-MRWAIF and VFGH ranged from 5% (nasal) to 30% (superotemporal), whereas that between BMO-MRWFoBMO and VFPS ranged from 5% (nasal) to 25% (inferotemporal). The structure–function relationship with RNFLT was not significantly different from that with BMO-MRW, regardless of image acquisition method. CONCLUSIONS. The structure–function relationship was enhanced with BMO-MRW compared with the other neuroretinal rim measurements, due mainly to its geometrically accurate properties.
关键词： glaucoma,structure–function relationship,visual field,optic nerve head,automated perimetry
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Microvascular changes in macula and optic nerve head after femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK: an optical coherence tomography angiography study
摘要： To measure the microcirculation change of macula and optic nerve head before and after femtosecond laser assisted laser in situ keratomileusis. In total 45 eyes from 45 subjects, who underwent FS-LASIK during June 2017 to December 2017 in Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, were recruited in this study. Vessel density in macula and optic nerve head were measured by optical coherence tomography angiography before and after transient elevation in intraocular pressure caused by application of suction ring during surgery. Vessel density (VD) at superficial (SCP) plexus of macular region did not differ after surgery (F(3,132) = 1.41, P = 0.24), while the deep (DCP) plexus of macular region significantly decreased 1 day after surgery (P = 0.001) but returned to its baseline value 1 month postoperatively (P = 0.1). Vessel density of optic nerve head region had no significant changes after surgery (F(2.51,95.18) = 0.6, P = 0.59). A short-term temporary decrease of vessel density at deep layer of macular region was observed in eyes undergoing FS-LASIK. However, the retinal capillary density went back to preoperative level 1 month after surgery. Therefore, transient IOP spike during FS-LASIK did not cause long-term decline of retinal microcirculation.
关键词： Optical coherence tomography angiography,Femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK,Microvascular changes,Macula,Optic nerve head
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Optic Nerve Head Volumetry by Optical Coherence Tomography in Papilledema Related to Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
摘要： Purpose: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) leads to optic nerve head swelling and optic atrophy if left untreated. We wanted to assess an easy to perform volumetric algorithm to detect and quantify papilledema in comparison to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) analysis using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Participants with and without IIH underwent visual acuity testing at different contrast levels and static perimetry. Spectralis-OCT measurements comprised standard imaging of the peripapillary RNFL and macular ganglion cell layer (GCL). The optic nerve head volume (ONHV) was determined using the standard segmentation software and the 3.45 mm early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) grid, necessitating manual correction within Bruch membrane opening. Three neuro-ophthalmologists graded fundus images according to the Frisén scale. A mixed linear model (MLM) was used to determine differences between study groups. Sensitivity and specificity was evaluated using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). Results: Twenty-one patients with IIH had an increased ONHV of 6.46 ± 2.36 mm3 as compared to 25 controls with 3.20 ± 0.25 mm3 (P < 0.001). The ONHV cutoff distinguishing IIH from controls was 3.97 mm3 (i.e. no patient with IIH had an ONHV below and no healthy individual above this value). The area under the curve (AUC) for ONHV was 0.99 and for the RNFL at 3.5 mm 0.90. The Frisén scale grading correlated higher with the ONHV (r = 0.90) than with the RNFL thickness (r = 0.68). ONHV measurements were highly reproducible in both groups (coefficient of variation <0.01%). Conclusions: OCT-based volumetry of the optic nerve head discriminates very accurately between individuals with and without IIH. It may serve as a useful adjunct to the rating with the subjective and ordinal Frisén scale. Translational Relevance: A simple OCT protocol run on the proprietary software of a commercial OCT device can reliably discriminate between normal optic nerve heads or pseudo-papilledema and true papilledema while being highly reproducible. Our normative data and OCT preset may be used in further clinical studies.
关键词： optical coherence tomography,pseudotumor cerebri syndrome,idiopathic intracranial hypertension,papilledema,optic nerve head volume
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Future clinical applicability of optical coherence tomography angiography
摘要： Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is an emerging technology that allows for the non-invasive imaging of the ocular microvasculature. Despite the wealth of observations and numerous research studies illustrating the potential clinical uses of OCT-A, this technique is currently rarely used in routine clinical settings. In this review, technical and clinical aspects of OCT-A imaging are discussed, and the future clinical potential of OCT-A is considered. An understanding of the basic principles and limitations of OCT-A technology will better inform clinicians of its future potential in the diagnosis and management of ocular diseases.
关键词： ocular microvasculature,corneal vascularisation image artifact,segmentation,optical coherence tomography angiography,optic nerve head disease,algorithm,retinal disease
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in a healthy Nepalese population by spectral domain optical coherence tomography
摘要： Objective: To determine the normal values for peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in a healthy Nepalese population and to compare the RNFL thicknesses between the genders and among the various age groups. Material and methods: One hundred and fifty six eyes of 156 healthy Nepalese subjects (66 males and 88 females) of various age groups were enrolled in this observational, cross-sectional, hospital-based study. The peripapillary RNFL of the randomly chosen eye of each subject was imaged with a high resolution SD-OCT (Spectralis HRA+OCT, Heidelberg Engineering). The RNFL thickness was measured around the optic nerve head using 16 automatically averaged, consecutive, circular B scans with a 3.4 mm diameter and compared between the genders and among the various age groups. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 38.94 ± 17.00 years (range - 14 to 76 years). The average peripapillary RNFL was found to be 102.64 ± 9.56 μm (95 % CI 97.01 - 101.93). The mean ± SD peripapillary RNFL measurements at the superior, nasal, inferior and temporal sectors in the study population were 129.51 ± 15.09 μm, 76.55 ± 12.02 μm, 134.53 ± 17.19 μm and 70.74 ± 15.53 μm respectively. The average RNFL thickness was 99.47 ± 10.18 μm in the male whereas it was 105.09 ± 8.31 μm in the female participants. The RNFL decreased by 2.26 μm per age perdecade. Conclusion: The Average RNFL thickness is 102.64 ± 9.56 μm in the Nepalese population. Gender and age related variation in the RNFL can serve as a useful guideline in the diagnosis of glaucoma in our population.
关键词： optic nerve head,retinal nerve fibre layer,optical coherence tomography
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36