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Biocompatibility Investigation of Hybrid Organometallic Polymers for Sub-Micron 3D Printing via Laser Two-Photon Polymerisation
摘要： Hybrid organometallic polymers are a class of functional materials which can be used to produce structures with sub-micron features via laser two-photon polymerisation. Previous studies demonstrated the relative biocompatibility of Al and Zr containing hybrid organometallic polymers in vitro. However, a deeper understanding of their effects on intracellular processes is needed if a tissue engineering strategy based on these materials is to be envisioned. Herein, primary rat myogenic cells were cultured on spin-coated Al and Zr containing polymer surfaces to investigate how each material affects the viability, adhesion strength, adhesion-associated protein expression, rate of cellular metabolism and collagen secretion. We found that the investigated surfaces supported cellular growth to full confluency. A subsequent MTT assay showed that glass and Zr surfaces led to higher rates of metabolism than did the Al surfaces. A viability assay revealed that all surfaces supported comparable levels of cell viability. Cellular adhesion strength assessment showed an insignificantly stronger relative adhesion after 4 h of culture than after 24 h. The largest amount of collagen was secreted by cells grown on the Al-containing surface. In conclusion, the materials were found to be biocompatible in vitro and have potential for bioengineering applications.
关键词： biomaterials,bioactive surfaces,laser two-photon polymerisation,tissue engineering,hybrid organometallic polymers
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Ultrafast Broadband Diagnostics of the Filling of the s Band at the Two-Photon Femtosecond Laser Excitation of a Gold Film
摘要： The transmission of near infrared femtosecond laser pulses (wavelength of 800 nm) and supercontinuum radiation (300–750 nm) generated by them through a 50-nm gold film immersed in water has been experimentally studied at the power of focused laser radiation in the range of 1–10 GW. An increase in the excitation intensity is accompanied by the blueshift of the edge of the extinction band of the film, which is attributed to the filling of electronic states of the s band with a low density of states caused by two-photon interband transitions from d bands with a high density of states.
关键词： supercontinuum radiation,gold film,ultrafast broadband diagnostics,s band filling,two-photon femtosecond laser excitation
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Slipped Structure of Covalent Organic Framework Facilitates Two‐Photon Adsorption for Improving Near‐Infrared Excited Fluorescence Imaging
摘要： Fluorescent materials exhibiting the characteristics of strong two-photon absorption (TPA) are extensively used for nonlinear optics, bio-imaging and phototherapy. One practical approach to obtain fluorescent materials with high TPA performance is to polymerize molecular chromophores to form π-conjugated structure. This leads to the increase in TPA cross-section per chromophore, however, efforts to towards this direction was capped by the lack of long-range ordering in the structure and the strong π-π stacking between the chromophores. Here, we reported the rational design of benzothiadiazole-based covalent organic framework (COF) for promoting TPA performance and obtaining the efficient two-photon excited fluorescence. Structure characterizations and spectroscopic studies revealed that the enhancement in TPA performance was attributed to the donor-π-acceptor-π-donor (D-π-A-π-D) configuration of the chromophore, long-range order, and large π-conjugation domain of COF crystals. The structural slipping in TPA-COF not only attenuates the π-π stacking interaction between the layers, but more importantly, overcomes the aggregation-caused emission quenching of the chromophores for improving near-infrared two-photon excited fluorescence imaging.
关键词： covalent organic framework,long-range order,two-photon absorption,slipped structure,fluorescence imaging
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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In Vivo Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Dendrites of Rabies Virus-labeled V1 Corticothalamic Neurons
摘要： Monitoring neuronal activity in vivo is critical to understanding the physiological or pathological functions of the brain. Two-photon Ca2? imaging in vivo using a cranial window and speci?c neuronal labeling enables real-time, in situ, and long-term imaging of the living brain. Here, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus containing the Ca2? indicator GCaMP6s along with the ?uorescent protein DsRed2 as a baseline reference to ensure GCaMP6s signal reliability. This functional tracer was applied to retrogradely label speci?c V1–thalamus circuits and detect spontaneous Ca2? activity in the dendrites of V1 corticothalamic neurons by in vivo two-photon Ca2? imaging. Notably, we were able to record single-spine spontaneous Ca2? activity in speci?c circuits. Distinct spontaneous Ca2? dynamics in dendrites of V1 corticothalamic neurons were found for different V1–thalamus circuits. Our method can be applied to monitor Ca2? dynamics in speci?c input circuits in vivo, and contribute to functional studies of de?ned neural circuits and the dissection of functional circuit connections.
关键词： Corticothalamic projection,In vivo Ca2? imaging,Two-photon microscopy,Primary visual cortex,Neural circuit tracing,Cranial window,Rabies virus,Dendrite
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Slipped Structure of Covalent Organic Framework Facilitates Two-Photon Adsorption for Improving Near-Infrared Excited Fluorescence Imaging
摘要： Fluorescent materials exhibiting the characteristics of strong two-photon absorption (TPA) are extensively used for nonlinear optics, bio-imaging and phototherapy. One practical approach to obtain fluorescent materials with high TPA performance is to polymerize molecular chromophores to form π-conjugated structure. This leads to the increase in TPA cross-section per chromophore, however, efforts to towards this direction was capped by the lack of long-range ordering in the structure and the strong π-π stacking between the chromophores. Here, we reported the rational design of benzothiadiazole-based covalent organic framework (COF) for promoting TPA performance and obtaining the efficient two-photon excited fluorescence. Structure characterizations and spectroscopic studies revealed that the enhancement in TPA performance was attributed to the donor-π-acceptor-π-donor (D-π-A-π-D) configuration of the chromophore, long-range order, and large π-conjugation domain of COF crystals. The structural slipping in TPA-COF not only attenuates the π-π stacking interaction between the layers, but more importantly, overcomes the aggregation-caused emission quenching of the chromophores for improving near-infrared two-photon excited fluorescence imaging.
关键词： covalent organic framework,long-range order,two-photon absorption,slipped structure,fluorescence imaging
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Intravital imaging of adriamycin-induced renal pathology using two-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography
摘要： Adriamycin (doxorubicin), a common cancer chemotherapeutic drug, can be used to induce a model of chronic progressive glomerular disease in rodents. In our studies, we evaluated renal changes in a rat model after Adriamycin injection using two-photon microscopy (TPM), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Doppler OCT (DOCT). Taking advantage of deep penetration and fast scanning speed for three-dimensional (3D) label-free imaging, OCT/DOCT system was able to reveal glomerular and tubular pathology noninvasively and in real time. By imaging renal pathology following the infusion of °uorophore-labeled dextrans of di?erent molecular weights, TPM can provide direct views of glomerular and tubular °ow dynamics with the onset and progression of renal disease. Speciˉcally, glomerular permeability and ˉltration, proximal and distal tubular °ow dynamics can be revealed. 6–8 weeks after injection of Adriamycin, TPM and OCT/DOCT imaging revealed glomerular sclerosis, compromised °ow across the glomerular wall, tubular atrophy, tubular dilation, and variable intra-tubular °ow dynamics. Our results indicate that TPM and OCT/DOCT provide real-time imaging of renal pathology in vivo that has not been previously available using conventional microscopic procedures.
关键词： Two-photon Microscopy (TPM),Chronic kidney disease (CKD),Tubular Atrophy,glomerulosclerosis,Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Synergistic Nanozymetic Activity of Hybrid Gold Bipyramid- Molybdenum Disulfide Core@Shell Nanostructures for Two-Photon Imaging and Anticancer Therapy
摘要： In recent years, the concept of combined therapy using gold hybrid nanomaterials has been broadly adopted to pioneer new anticancer treatments. However, their synergistic anticancer effects have yet to be thoroughly investigated. Herein, a hybrid gold nanobipyramid nanostructure coated with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) semiconductor (AuNBPs@MoS2) was proposed as a smart nanozyme for anticancer therapy and two-photon bioimaging. The hybrid material showed dramatically enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property under excitation owing to its anisotropic nature, coupled with the rich electron density in MoS2, resulting in the superior in situ photo-generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS - 1O2, ˙OH). We demonstrated that the synergistic effect of enhanced photothermal conversion and generation of ROS could increase the anticancer effect of AuNBPs@MoS2. Two-photon luminescence (TPL) imaging confirmed that AuNBPs@MoS2 was successfully internalized in cancer cells and that simultaneous anticancer treatments based on catalytic and photothermal therapy could be achieved. This study highlighted, for the first time, a novel approach of plasmon-mediated powerful anticancer therapy and imaging via the unprecedented combination of anisotropic AuNBPs and 2D MoS2 material.
关键词： localized surface plasmon resonance,photothermal therapy,photodynamic therapy,gold nanobipyramid,two-photon imaging
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Wavelength-optimized Two-Photon Polymerization Using Initiators Based on Multipolar Aminostyryl-1,3,5-triazines
摘要： Two-photon induced polymerization (2PP) based 3D printing is a powerful microfabrication tool. Specialized two-photon initiators (2PIs) are critical components of the employed photosensitive polymerizable formulations. This work investigates the cooperative enhancement of two-photon absorption cross sections (σ2PA) in a series of 1,3,5-triazine-derivatives bearing 1-3 aminostyryl-donor arms, creating dipolar, quadrupolar and octupolar push-pull systems. The multipolar 2PIs were successfully prepared and characterized, σ2PA were determined using z-scan at 800 nm as well as spectrally resolved two-photon excited fluorescence measurements, and the results were compared to high-level ab initio computations. Modern tunable femtosecond lasers allow 2PP-processing at optimum wavelengths tailored to the absorption behavior of the 2PI. 2PP structuring tests revealed that while performance at 800 nm is similar, at their respective σ2PA-maxima the octupolar triazine-derivative outperforms a well-established ketone-based quadrupolar reference 2PI, with significantly lower fabrication threshold at exceedingly high writing speeds up to 200 mm/s and a broader window for ideal processing parameters.
关键词： two-photon initiators,femtosecond lasers,3D printing,two-photon induced polymerization,1,3,5-triazine-derivatives
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Evolution of Atomic Entanglement for Different Cavity-Field Statistics in Single-Mode Two-Photon Process
摘要： We study the evolution of entanglement for a pair of two-level Rydberg atoms passing one after the other into an ideal cavity filled with a single mode radiation field. The atoms interact with the cavity field via two-photon transitions. The initial joint state of two atoms that enter the cavity one after the other is unentangled. Interactions intervened by the single mode cavity photon field brings out the final two-atom mixed entangled type state. We use the well known measure appropriate for the mixed states, i.e. the entanglement of formation to quantify the entanglement. We calculate the entanglement of formation of the joint two-atom state as a function of the Rabi angle, for the Fock state field, coherent field and thermal field respectively inside the cavity. The change in the magnitude of atomic entanglement with cavity photon number has been discussed.
关键词： cavity quantum electrodynamics,two-photon transitions,entanglement of formation,entanglement,Rydberg atoms
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Two-Photon Polymerization as a Tool for Studying 3D Printed Topography-Induced Stem Cell Fate
摘要： Geometric topographies are known to influence cellular differentiation toward specific phenotypes, but to date the range of features and type of substrates that can be easily fabricated to study these interactions is somewhat limited. In this study, an emerging technology, two-photon polymerization, is used to print topological patterns with varying feature-size and thereby study their effect on cellular differentiation. This technique offers rapid manufacturing of topographical surfaces with good feature resolution for shapes smaller than 3 μm. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells, when attached to these substrates or a non-patterned control for 1 week, express an array of genetic markers that suggest their differentiation toward a heterogeneous population of multipotent progenitors from all three germ layers. Compared to the topographically smooth control, small features (1.6 μm) encourage differentiation toward ectoderm while large features (8 μm) inhibit self-renewal. This study demonstrates the potential of using two-photon polymerization to study and control stem cell fate as a function of substrate interactions. The ability to tailor and strategically design biomaterials in this way can enable more precise and efficient generation or maintenance of desired phenotypes in vitro and in vivo.
关键词： induced pluripotent stem cells,differentiation,substrate topography,3D printing,two-photon polymerization
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36