研究目的
Investigating the effect of rare-earth element doping in glass frit on the performance of silicon solar cells.
研究成果
Rare-earth element doping in glass frit significantly affects the performance of silicon solar cells, with La and Sm doping showing the highest efficiencies. The average coordination number of Te–O (NTe(cid:1)O) in the glass is a critical factor, with moderate values leading to optimal performance. This suggests that tuning the glass structure through doping can enhance solar cell efficiency.
研究不足
The detailed formula of the glass frit is a trade secret and not disclosed, limiting reproducibility. The study focuses on a limited set of rare-earth elements and does not explore the full range of possible dopants or their combinations.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involved preparing glass frit doped with different rare-earth elements (Y, La, Sm, Er) and analyzing their impact on solar cell performance.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Glass frits were prepared using a melt-quenching method, and solar cells were fabricated using these frits.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included a muffle furnace, planetary mill, X-ray diffractometer, micro-Raman spectrometer, XPS, DSC, SEM, and EDS. Materials included AgNO3, oxides (PbO, TeO2, WO3, Bi2O3, rare-earth oxides), and silicon wafers.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The glass frits were prepared, characterized, and used in solar cells, which were then tested for performance.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Performance metrics like PCE, Jsc, Voc, FF, and RS were analyzed, alongside structural analyses like XRD, Raman spectra, and XPS.
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X-ray diffractometer
Bruker D8 ADVANCE
Bruker
Collecting XRD patterns of the glass frits.
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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Thermo Fisher Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi
Thermo Fisher Scientific
Analyzing the chemical state of elements in the glass frits.
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Scanning electron microscope
SUPRA 55 SAPPHIRE
Carl Zeiss AG
Observing morphology of the silver powder, glass frit powder, and the cross-section of the c-Si solar cells.
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Ag powder
1–2 μm
Guangdong Lingguang New Material Co., Ltd.
Used in the silver paste for the front electrode of silicon solar cells.
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Planetary mixer
Shenzhen ZYE Technology
Mixing Ag powder, glass frit, and organic carrier.
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Three-roller grinder
ZYSG-150G
Shenzhen ZYE Technology
Grinding the mixture to obtain Ag paste.
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Micro-Raman spectrometer
Horiba IHR320
Horiba
Recording Raman spectra of the glass frits.
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Differential scanning calorimetry
Mettler Toledo DSC1
Mettler Toledo
Measuring thermal properties of the glass frits.
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Digital SourceMeter
2602A
Keithley Instrument Inc.
Measuring photovoltaic characteristics of the solar cells.
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Solar simulator
SUN3000-11016A
Abet Technologies Inc.
Simulating solar conditions for testing solar cells.
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Energy dispersive spectroscopy
51-XMX1004
Oxford Instruments Inc.
Analyzing the chemical composition of the glass frit.
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