1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing graphene oxide (GO) using a modified Hummers method and functionalizing it with 1-benzyl-5,6 diamino-2-thiouracil (1B56D2T) through sonication to create a new material. Various spectroscopic and analytical methods were selected for characterization based on their ability to provide structural, morphological, and thermal information.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Materials included 1-benzyl-5,6 diamino-2-thiouracil (95%), graphite (30%), KMnO4, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Samples were prepared by mixing GO with

3：3 M title molecule and sonicating for 4 hours. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment used: Renishaw Invia Raman microscope spectrometer (532 nm excitation, 4 cm?1 resolution), Perkin Elmer Spectrum Two FT-IR spectrometer (4 cm?1 resolution, Ge ATR), Panalytical Emperian X-ray diffractometer (Cu Kα radiation,

4：1542 nm wavelength), Hitachi Regulus 8230 SEM, Perkin Elmer Lambda 750 UV-VIS spectrophotometer, Perkin Elmer FL6500 fluorescence spectrometer. Materials:

1-benzyl-5,6 diamino-2-thiouracil, graphite, KMnO4, HNO3, H2SO4, deionized water, H2O

5：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

GO was synthesized by oxidizing graphite with H2SO4 and KMnO4 at 35°C for 4 hours, followed by addition of H2O2 and washing. The title molecule was bonded to GO by sonication for 4 hours, filtration, and drying. Characterization involved collecting Raman, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, UV-VIS, fluorescence spectra, and thermal analysis.

6：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed by comparing spectral peaks (e.g., D and G bands in Raman, vibrational modes in FT-IR), calculating intensity ratios (ID/IG), determining energy band gaps from UV-VIS, and interpreting thermal weight losses and DSC signals.