1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employed conventional melt-quenching technique for glass preparation. Theoretical models included Makishima and Mackenzie for elasticity constants, and optical band gap calculation using Tauc's plot. Methods included UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDAX, Vickers hardness testing, and radiation shielding simulation via XCOM software.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Five glass samples with varying Sm2O3 concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.1 mol%) were prepared. Precursors were procured from Sigma Aldrich with purity <99%. Data sources included experimental measurements and simulations.

3：1, 3, 5, 7, 1 mol%) were prepared. Precursors were procured from Sigma Aldrich with purity <99%. Data sources included experimental measurements and simulations. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included Contech analytical balance, Indfurr Superheat electric furnace, porcelain crucible, stainless steel mould, Matsuzawa MMT-X7 micro-hardness tester, Zeiss EVO 18 SEM system, Rigaku Miniflex 600 X-Ray Diffractometer, Perkin Elmer Lambda 750 s UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer, Edinburgh Spectrofluorimeter FLS 980, and XCOM software. Materials included ZnF2, Li2CO3, BaO, Al2O3, B2O3, Sm2O3, distilled water, emery polishing sheets, diamond lubricant, and silver for sputtering.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Precursors were weighed, mixed, melted at 980°C for 2h, quenched on a steel mould at 350°C, annealed at 350°C for 3h, and polished. Density was measured using Archimedes principle. Hardness testing used loads of 50-1000g for 15s. SEM/EDAX involved silver sputtering. XRD used Cu Kα radiation from 5° to 80°. Optical absorption and emission spectra were recorded. Radiation shielding parameters were simulated.

5：5s. SEM/EDAX involved silver sputtering. XRD used Cu Kα radiation from 5° to 80°. Optical absorption and emission spectra were recorded. Radiation shielding parameters were simulated. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Physical parameters calculated using standard formulae. Elastic moduli derived from Makishima and Mackenzie model. Optical band gap determined from Tauc's plot. Color coordinates calculated from emission spectra. Radiation shielding parameters (μ/ρ, Zeff, HVL, MFP) computed using XCOM data and relevant equations.