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Spatial Interpolation Enables Normative Data Comparison in Gaze-Contingent Microperimetry
摘要： PURPOSE. To demonstrate methods that enable visual field sensitivities to be compared with normative data without restriction to a fixed test pattern. METHODS. Healthy participants (n ? 60, age 19–50) undertook microperimetry (MAIA-2) using 237 spatially dense locations up to 138 eccentricity. Surfaces were fit to the mean, variance, and 5th percentile sensitivities. Goodness-of-fit was assessed by refitting the surfaces 1000 times to the dataset and comparing estimated and measured sensitivities at 50 randomly excluded locations. A leave-one-out method was used to compare individual data with the 5th percentile surface. We also considered cases with unknown fovea location by adding error sampled from the distribution of relative fovea–optic disc positions to the test locations and comparing shifted data to the fixed surface. RESULTS. Root mean square (RMS) difference between estimated and measured sensitivities were less than 0.5 dB and less than 1.0 dB for the mean and 5th percentile surfaces, respectively. Root mean square differences were greater for the variance surface, median 1.4 dB, range 0.8 to 2.7 dB. Across all participants 3.9% (interquartile range, 1.8–8.9%) of sensitivities fell beneath the 5th percentile surface, close to the expected 5%. Positional error added to the test grid altered the number of locations falling beneath the 5th percentile surface by less than 1.3% in 95% of participants. CONCLUSIONS. Spatial interpolation of normative data enables comparison of sensitivity measurements from varied visual field locations. Conventional indices and probability maps familiar from standard automated perimetry can be produced. These methods may enhance the clinical use of microperimetry, especially in cases of nonfoveal fixation.
关键词： fundus perimetry,microperimetry,normative database,AMD,gaze-contingent
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Test–Retest Repeatability of Microperimetry at the Border of Deep Scotomas
摘要： PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to examine the test–retest repeatability of microperimetric sensitivity at the border of deep scotomas. METHODS. Thirty normal participants underwent two examinations, each on the Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA) microperimeter and on the MP-1 microperimeter (four examinations in total). A customized stimulus pattern allowed microperimetric sensitivity to be measured at the border of the optic nerve head (ONH), which acted as a model for the border of a deep scotoma—and also at the macular and peripapillary region. RESULTS. There were no significant changes in average point-wise sensitivity (PWS) values between the two examinations for all three regions using the MAIA microperimeter (P ≥ 0.262). The PWS coefficient of repeatability (CoR) was ±12.99 dB at the border of the ONH, which was significantly larger than points in the macular and peripapillary regions (P > 0.001). A significant decrease in average PWS, using the MP-1 microperimeter at the macular and peripapillary region (P < 0.001), meant that the PWS CoR could not be determined in these regions. No significant changes in average PWS were observed at the border of the ONH (P = 0.223), and the PWS CoR was ±7.52 dB in this region. CONCLUSIONS. Microperimetric test–retest repeatability at the border of a deep scotoma was worse than at other areas of normal retina, and this highlights the limitation of applying a single estimate of test–retest repeatability to determine whether significant functional decline has occurred at the border of a deep scotoma.
关键词： repeatability,test–retest,microperimetry,scotoma
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Microperimetry for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration
摘要： Geographic atrophy (GA) is a progressive, advanced form of age-related macular degeneration leading to visual function impairment and irreversible vision loss. Standard clinical tests to evaluate visual function in patients with GA provide poor anatomic-functional correlation, while fundus imaging does not assess the visual function deficit. Microperimetry is a psychophysical visual function test that spatially maps retinal sensitivity and allows for correlation of anatomic features with visual function. In this review, we present an overview of mesopic microperimetry for GA, including: commercially available microperimetry devices, strategies to capture a mesopic microperimetry test, and strategies to assess and interpret microperimetry data in patients with GA. We demonstrate the importance of microperimetry data for assessing GA progression and for evaluating visual function loss through anatomic-functional correlations. Although valuable, current microperimetry tests require an extensive time commitment from patient and examiner, and the development of faster, more reproducible, and accessible methods is important to enable broader use of microperimetry in both clinical and research settings.
关键词： anatomic-functional correlation,visual function,geographic atrophy,microperimetry,age-related macular degeneration,retinal sensitivity
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Nanosekundenlaserbehandlung bei Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa ohne RPE-Defekte: eine retrospektive Fallserie
摘要： Background Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa (CCS) is a uni- or bilateral disease of the macula which is characterized by detachment of the neuro-sensory retina. The spontaneous resolution rate is 68 % after four months and 84 % after six months. Purpose To investigate the efficacy of subthreshold nanopulse laser treatment for central serous chorioretinopathy (CCS) in the absence of any atrophy in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Methods This retrospective study comprised 23 eyes of 23 patients without previous treatment. Patients were followed up to 12 months. Laser treatment was performed with the 2RT? nanolaser using a grid stimulation. Changes in corrected visual acuity (VA), microperimetry and subretinal fluid height in optical coherence tomographic images were measured. Saliences in autofluorescence images and angiographic images were observed. All results were documented 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the first treatment. Patients did not receive any supplementary treatment. Results Two months after the first treatment, 74 % of the patients showed complete SRF resolution and 91 % of the patients within 6 months had complete resorption of the SRF. Central visual acuity and macula sensitivity significantly improved from 0.18 ± 0.16 logMAR to 0.09 ± 0.17 logMAR and 24.19 ± 3.96 dB to 27.59 ± 2.89 dB. The SRF decreased within one month significantly. No CNV was documented during the observation time. The baseline subretinal fluid height is a predictive factor of faster resolution. Conclusion The evaluation of our treatment results shows that the therapy is a safe and promising method. Patients with a CCS without existing RPE defects benefit from the treatment with the 2RT? nanolaser, which is associated with an improvement of the macula function.
关键词： Retina,central serous chorioretinopathy,Nanolaser,microperimetry,retinal pigment epithelium,Subthreshold?Laser,Chorioretinopathia centralis serosa,subthreshold nanopulse laser,subretinal fluid,Mikroperimetrie,subretinale Flüssigkeit
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Feasibility of Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA) Microperimetry in Children: Sensitivity, Reliability, and Fixation Stability in Healthy Observers
摘要： PURPOSE. To assess the feasibility of macular integrity assessment (MAIA) microperimetry (MP) in children. Also to establish representative outcome measures (differential light sensitivity, ?xation stability, test–retest reliability) for children without visual impairment. METHODS. Thirty-three adults and 33 children (9–12 years) were asked to perform three monocular MAIA examinations within a single session (dominant eye only). RESULTS. Children exhibited poorer test–retest reliability than adults for measures of both mean sensitivity (95% coef?cient of repeatability [CoR95] ? 2.7 vs. 2.3 dB, P ? 0.036) and pointwise sensitivity (CoR95 ? 6.2 vs. 5.7 dB, P < 0.001). Mean sensitivity was lower in children (27.6 vs. 29.5 dB, P < 0.001), and ?xation stability was poorer (95% bivariate contour ellipse area [BCEA95] ? 4.58 vs. 1.14, P < 0.001). Mean sensitivity was negatively correlated with ?xation stability (r ? (cid:2)0.44, P < 0.001). Both children and adults exhibited substantial practice effects, with mean sensitivity improving by 0.5 dB (adults) and 0.9 dB (children) between examinations 1 and 2 (P (cid:3) 0.017). There were no signi?cant differences between examinations 2 and 3 (P ? 0.374). CONCLUSIONS. Microperimetry is feasible in 9- to 12-year-old children. However, systematically lower sensitivities mean that the classi?cation boundary for "healthy" performance should be lowered in children, pending development of techniques to improve attentiveness/?xation that may reduce or remove this difference. High measurement variability suggests that the results of multiple tests should be averaged when possible. Learning effects are a potential confound, and it is recommended that the results of the ?rst examination be discarded.
关键词： test-retest reliability,MAIA,microperimetry,visual ?elds,differential light sensitivity,perimetry,children
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Clinical Correlation between Retinal Sensitivity and Foveal Thickness in Retinitis Pigmentosa Patients
摘要： Purpose: To investigate the relationship between retinal structure and retinal sensitivity comparing data obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and microperimetry in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and healthy patients. Methods: A total of 49 patients (98 eyes) with RP were divided into 4 groups according to the OCT findings: group A, patients with no macular changes; group B, patients with cystoid macular edema (CME); group C, patients with vitreomacular traction (VMT); group D, patients with retinal thinning. As a control group, we enrolled 27 healthy subjects. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including SD-OCT and microperimetry. For the statistical analysis, Pearson correlation test and linear regression analysis were used. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We did not find any significant difference in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), foveal thickness, or retinal sensitivity between group A and the healthy subjects (p>0.05). In group B, linear regression of logMAR versus foveal thickness and retinal sensitivity versus foveal thickness gave r values of 0.931 and 0.786, respectively. In group C, r values were 0.786 and 0.842, respectively, while in group D they were 0.816 and 0.795. Conclusions: This article shows the first application of the new microperimeter MP3 in patients with RP, which has proven to be very sensitive in detecting functional abnormalities in all the patients. Future studies should investigate the relationships among photoreceptor cell loss, retinal sensitivity, and fixation in patients with RP.
关键词： MP3,Microperimetry,Retinitis pigmentosa,Optical coherence tomography,Retinal sensitivity,Foveal thickness
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Longitudinal Associations Between Microstructural Changes and Microperimetry in the Early Stages of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
摘要： PURPOSE. To determine whether longitudinal changes in mesopic visual function on microperimetry occurred independent of its associations with microstructural parameters on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in the early stages of AMD. METHODS. Forty-one AMD eyes underwent microperimetry testing and SD-OCT scans over a 12-month period at 6-month intervals. Microstructural parameters analyzed include the retinal pigment epithelium-drusen complex (RPEDC) layer thickness, number of hyperre?ective foci (HF) and their inner retinal migration (represented by a weighted axial distribution score; AxD), and the number of atrophic areas. RESULTS. Microperimetric sensitivity was 0.29 dB (95% con?dence interval [CI] ? (cid:2)0.38 to (cid:2)0.20 dB, P < 0.001) and 0.13 dB (95% CI ? (cid:2)0.22 to (cid:2)0.03 dB, P ? 0.008) lower in each sector for every 10-lm higher RPEDC layer thickness and 1-HF present, but was not associated with the AxD score or the number of atrophic areas present (P (cid:3) 0.464). However, each 10- lm greater RPEDC layer thickness and 1-HF present was not independently associated with a further decline in sensitivity ((cid:2)0.08 dB/year, 95% CI ? (cid:2)0.24 to 0.07 dB/year, P ? 0.288 and 0.09 dB/year, 95% CI ? (cid:2)0.06 to 0.24 dB/year, P ? 0.242, respectively) over time when accounting for the association between RPEDC layer thickness and number of HF with microperimetric sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS. Longitudinal changes in mesopic visual function measured on microperimetry paralleled changes in the microstructural changes over a 12-month time frame, without any changes occurring independent of the associations between structure and function alone.
关键词： age-related macular degeneration,optical coherence tomography,microperimetry,longitudinal
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Assessment of Central Retinal Sensitivity Employing Two Types of Microperimetry Devices
摘要： Purpose: To compare the retinal sensitivity measurements obtained with two microperimeters, the Micro-Perimeter 1 (MP-1) and the Optos optical coherence tomography (OCT)/scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) in subjects with and without maculopathies. Methods: Forty-five eyes with no known ocular disease and 47 eyes with maculopathies were examined using both microperimeters. A contrast-adjusted scale was applied to resolve the different stimuli and background luminance existing between the two devices. Results: There was a strong ceiling effect with the MP-1 in the healthy group, with 90.1% (1136 of 1260) test points clustered at 20 dB. The mean sensitivity for the corresponding points in the OCT/SLO was 25.8 6 1.9 dB. A floor effect was also observed with the OCT/SLO in the maculopathy group with 9.7% (128 of 1316) points clustered at 9-dB values. The corresponding mean sensitivity in the MP-1 was 1.7 6 3.9 dB. A regression equation between the two microperimeters was established in the common 10 to19 dB intervals as: OCT/SLO ? 15.6 t 0.564 3 MP-1 (cid:2) 0.009 3 MP-12 t k (k is an individual point constant; MP-1 coefficient P , 0.001; MP-12 coefficient P ? 0.006). Conclusion: The OCT/SLO and the MP-1 provide two different ranges of contrasts for microperimetry examination. Broadening the dynamic range may minimize the constraint of the ceiling and floor effect. There is a significant mathematical relationship in the common interval of the contrast scale. Translational Relevance: Applying a unified and broadened dynamic range in different types of microperimeters will help to generate consistent clinical reference for measurements.
关键词： comparison,retinal sensitivity,microperimetry
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Fixation Stability Measurement Using Two Types of Microperimetry Devices
摘要： Purpose: We compared the fixation stability measurements obtained with two microperimeters, the Micro Perimeter 1 (MP-1) and the Spectral OCT/SLO (OCT/SLO), in subjects with and without maculopathies. Methods: A total of 41 eyes with no known ocular diseases and 45 eyes with maculopathies were enrolled in the study. Both eyes of each participant had a 20-second fixation test using the MP-1 and OCT/SLO. The bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) was used for fixation stability evaluation. Results: In the normal group, BCEA was 2.93 6 0.32 log minarc2 on OCT/SLO and 2.89 6 0.30 log minarc2 on MP-1. In the maculopathy group, BCEA was 3.05 6 0.41 log minarc2 on OCT/SLO and 3.15 6 0.46 log minarc2 on MP-1. There was no statistically significant difference between the BCEA measured by OCT/SLO and by MP-1 in both groups. A moderate correlation was found between the two devices (r ? 0.45, P , 0.001). The sample size during the fixation test was 535.5 6 14.6 pairs of coordinates in the normal group and 530.7 6 14.9 pairs in the maculopathy group with MP-1, while it was 72.3 6 6.9 and 59.9 6 10.1, respectively, with OCT/SLO. This was due to different tracking frequencies between the two microperimeters. Conclusion: Fixation stability assessment yields similar results using the OCT/SLO and MP-1. A major difference in sampling rate between the two microperimeters does not significantly affect BCEA measurements. Translational Relevance: Fixation stability assessments are comparable and interchangeable between the OCT/SLO and the MP-1.
关键词： fixation stability,comparison,microperimetry
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Progression of retinitis pigmentosa on multimodal imaging: the PREP‐1 study
摘要： Importance: It is important to establish reliable outcome measures to detect progression in retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Background: To evaluate progression of RP using multimodal imaging, including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and microperimetry (MP). Design: Retrospective longitudinal study at a tertiary teaching hospital. Participants: 205 eyes of 106 patients with RP with 1-5 years of follow-up. Methods: Demographics and visual acuity (VA) were recorded, and each modality was graded at baseline and every annual follow-up. SD-OCT was graded for the width of ellipsoid zone (EZ), FAF was graded for the diameter and area of the hyperautofluorescent ring (if present), and MP was graded for mean, central and paracentral sensitivity. Spearman’s correlation was used to measure correlations at baseline. Mixed effects models were used to estimate the annual change of each parameter, adjusted for disease duration. Main outcome measures: Rate of progression. Results: The median VA at baseline was 75 letters and was positively correlated with mean and central sensitivity (r: 0.372 and 0.394; p=0.01 for both). All parameters (except paracentral sensitivity) were strongly correlated with each other (r: 0.673-0.991; p<0.001 for all). The annual rates of change for each parameter were as follows: VA, -2.3 letters (p<0.001); EZ, -151um (p<0.001); ring diameter, -132um (p<0.001); ring area, -0.4mm2 (p<0.001); mean sensitivity, -0.3 dB (p<0.001); central sensitivity, -0.7 dB (p<0.001); paracentral sensitivity, -0.4 dB (p<0.001). Conclusion and relevance: Structural and functional measures are well correlated in RP and can reliable measure disease progression within the course of a year.
关键词： Optical Coherence Tomography,Multimodal Imaging,Microperimetry,Fundus Autofluorescence,Disease Progression
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14