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Tailoring PEDOT:PSS polymer electrode for solution-processed inverted organic solar cells
摘要： The review of this paper was arranged by A. Zaslavsky. Conductivity and work function of the conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), has been investigated for a top electrode of the solution-processed organic solar cells (OPV). It has been found that both conductivity and work function could be changed by adjusting the mixing ratio of different commercial grade PEDOT:PSS such as PH 1000 and AI 4083. A 2:1 vol ratio of PH 1000 and AI 4083 mixture provided the conductivity of 443 S/cm (corresponding sheet resistance (Rsh) of 260 Ω/sq) and the work function of 5.09 eV. Therefore, this PEDOT:PSS mixture may work as both a hole transport layer (HTL) and anode electrode of the OPV. For verifying, all-solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) inverted OPVs were fabricated using developed PEDOT:PSS conductive polymers as both HTL and anode top electrode. Under the AM1.5G spectrum calibrated 100 mW/cm2 illumination, fabricated all-solution-processed OPV provides a best photo-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.04% accounted from an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 576 mV, a short circuit current (Jsc) of 6.91 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 51.2%. In addition, the final OPV exhibits semitransparency due to no metal electrode on top and transparency of the conductive polymer.
关键词： Organic photovoltaics,Semitransparency,All-solution-process,Work function,Conductivity,PEDOT:PSS
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Synergetic interface and morphology modification to achieve highly efficient solution-processed sky-blue organic light-emitting diodes
摘要： Solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), especially blue OLEDs, generally suffer from the low efficiency. Herein, we report an efficient approach to achieve high efficiency by synergetic interface and morphology modification with a polymer, Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK). Sky-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) material, 10-(4-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5- triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-10H- spiro[acridine-9,9-fluorene] (SpiroAC-TRZ), is used as the emitter. The incorporation of PVK thin layer at the hole injection layer/emission layer (EML) interface and a small amount of PVK inner the EML modify the carrier behaviors at the interface and improve the EML morphology. As a result, balanced carrier distribution and reduced carrier recombination are realized at the interface and inner the EML. Through these strategies, the maximum external quantum efficiency and current efficiency of the optimal OLED achieve 25.1% and 53.5 cd/A. To the best of our knowledge, the efficiencies are the highest values ever achieved by the solution-processed sky-blue TADF OLEDs.
关键词： Blue organic light-emitting diodes,Thermally activated delayed fluorescence,High efficiency,All-solution process,Film morphology
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Realizing the ultimate goal of fully solution-processed organic solar cells: a compatible self-sintering method to achieve silver back electrode
摘要： It is commonly believed that the ultimate goal of high throughput production of organic solar cells (OSCs) is the fully solution process in the fabrication. While it is highly desirable to form metal back electrodes to complete OSCs by solution process instead of high-vacuum evaporation to realize the goal, the complex solvents used in typical metal precursor solution and the post-treatment required such as high-temperature annealing will easily damage active layers and degrade OSC performances. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) for evaporation-free OSCs have only achieved 8%. Besides, there are limited studies that provide clear evidence to successfully eliminate the solvent issue brought by the directly solution-processed metal back electrode. In this work, we demonstrate a compatible self-sintering approach to connect silver nanoparticles into high-quality back electrode. The as-achieved film exhibits continuous crystal lattice, high purity, excellent conductivity and smooth morphology. Interestingly, since the self-sintering back electrode process is finished in short time and uses chemically compatible solvent, it will not degrade the organic active layer and favor high throughput OSCs fabrication. With the back electrode, the fully solution-processed OSCs achieve a PCE of 9.73% which is the highest reported PCE in evaporation-free OSCs to our best knowledge.
关键词： Solution process,minimum solvent issue,mild chemical sintering,organic solar cells,back electrode
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Tert-butyl Substituted Hetero-donor TADF compounds for Efficient Solution-Processed Non-doped Blue OLEDs
摘要： For the development of solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), it is highly desirable and challenging for releazing solution-processable non-doped thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters due to their high efficiency and excellent compatibility to the wet methods. Herein, two pairs of blue TADF isomers are designed and synthesized with a hetero-donor configuration for the realization of high photoluminescent quantum yield. The incorporation of two tert-butyl groups in the molecules can effectively increase the molecular solubility and reduce the aggregation-caused self-quenching of excitons in neat films by inhibiting the intramolecular vibrational relaxation and the intermolecular π-π stacking. Solution-processed non-doped OLEDs are achieved with these blue TADF emitters, exhibiting the record-high external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of 25.8%. Furthermore, all-TADF white OLED with an EQE of 27.3% is also achieved by employing a single emitting layer with the blue TADF emitter as a host for an orange-red TADF dopant.
关键词： non-doped OLED,blue fluoresecent materials,Organic light-emitting diodes,solution process,thermally activated delayed fluorescence
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Molecular Stacking Effect on Small-Molecular Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Prepared with Solution Process
摘要： The light emitting layer (EML) is generally prepared by mixing host and dopant to realize organic light emitting diode (OLED). However, phase separation is often observed during the fabrication process to prepare OLEDs depending on the structure of the host materials. In particular, phase separation due to π-π stacking is frequently observed during thermal annealing for the solution process. The annealing process is required for solvent removal and complete relaxation of the molecule. Hence, the materials with a high glass transition temperature (Tg) are ideal because phase separation occurs due to π-π stacking during annealing process if Tg is too low. To understand this phenomenon, we compared two host materials with similar molecular weights but different three-dimensional connectivity, which causes different rotational freedom. Then, we investigated the effect on the device properties depending on the annealing conditions. In both materials, when the annealing temperature rises above 120 °C, the dopant completely escaped from the EML. However, the material that does not disturb the molecular stacking order by annealing due to its limited free rotation through internal bond shows much better device characteristics even after annealing at a higher temperature than Tg. The results show that interdiffusion at the interface and unstable internal density distribution with annealing temperature are responsible for the device degradation behavior.
关键词： X-ray reflectivity,Depth profile,Free volume,Phase separation,Segmental motion,Small molecule,Solution process
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Biodegradable Materials for Organic Field-effect Transistors on a Paper Substrate
摘要： Paper-based pentacene organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with spin-coated gelatin (G) stacked gate dielectric layers, the Au/pentacene/G/G matrix-embedded iron (FeG)/Al/paper structure, were fabricated. The proposed composite-stacked bio-dielectric layer can be implemented using solutions with the degradable biomaterials. These materials enable a large-area printing of use-and-throw devices. Control devices (Au/pentacene/G/Al and Au/pentacene/FeG/Al structure) were also fabricated for comparison. High performance paper-based OTFT constructed from the stacked gate dielectric layer exhibited a carrier mobility of 8 cm2/Vs, on/off current ratio of approximately 103, subthreshold swing of 0.6 V/dec, and threshold voltage of ?1.4 V. These results are compatible to those OTFTs fabricated on other substrates. Therefore, the emerging biomaterial-based transistors on paper substrates may help in developing low-cost, environment-friendly devices.
关键词： paper,pentacene,gelatin,organic thin-film transistor (OTFT),solution process
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Evaporation‐Free Nonfullerene Flexible Organic Solar Cell Modules Manufactured by An All‐Solution Process
摘要： To ensure laboratory-to-industry transfer of next-generation energy harvesting organic solar cells (OSCs), it is necessary to develop flexible OSC modules that can be produced on a continuous roll-to-roll basis and to apply an all-solution process. In this study, nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs)-based donor polymer, SMD2, is newly designed and synthesized to continuously fabricate high-performance flexible OSC modules. Also, multifunctional hole transport layers (HTLs), WO3/HTL solar bilayer HTLs, are developed and applied via an all-solution process called “ProcessOne” into inverted structure. SMD2, the donor terpolymer, has a deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level and can achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.3% with NFAs without any pre-/post-treatment because of its optimal balance between crystallinity and miscibility. Furthermore, the integration of multifunctional HTLs enables the recovery of the drop in open circuit voltage (VOC) caused by a mismatch in energy levels between the deep HOMO level of the NFAs-based bulk-heterojunction layer and the solution-processed HTLs. Also, the photostability under ultraviolet-exposure necessary for “ProcessOne” is greatly improved because of the integration of multifunctional HTLs. Consequently, because of the synergistic effects of these approaches, the flexible OSC modules fabricated in an industrial production line have a PCE of 5.25% (Pmax = 419.6 mW) on an active area of 80 cm2.
关键词： roll-to-roll process,all-solution process,flexible modules,nonfullerene acceptors,organic solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Solutiona??Processable 2D Materials Applied in Lighta??Emitting Diodes and Solar Cells
摘要： The last decades have witnessed a remarkable scientific progress in the field of organic and perovskite optoelectronics. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are an attractive building block for next-generation devices, thanks to their unique physical, optical, and electric characteristics including atomically thin bodies, high transmittance, ultralight weight, and tunable band structures. The state-of-the-art optoelectronic devices utilizing 2D materials mainly rely on 2D thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition. Although good device performances have been demonstrated, a huge gap between fundamental studies and practical applications remains, because of the high cost and troublesome transfer/restacking processes. Therefore, flexible and transparent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells (SCs) containing solution-processed 2D materials from top-down exfoliation methods have recently emerged as promising candidates for future light conversion and emission devices. They combine ease of processing, tailorable optoelectronic features, facile integration with complementary layers, compatibility with arbitrary substrates, and enhanced performances. In addition, the latest processing techniques (such as ink-jet printing, spray coating) also offer the opportunity for the scaled-up fabrication of square-meter-scale low-cost device systems. Recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives of solution-processed 2D materials for usage in emerging LEDs and SCs applications are discussed here.
关键词： perovskite optoelectronics,solution process,organic optoelectronics,2D materials
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Heavy-Metal-Free Flexible Hybrid Polymer-Nanocrystal Photodetectors Sensitive to 1.5-μm-wavelength
摘要： Photodetection in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelength window represents one of the core technologies allowing for many applications. Most current photodetectors suffer from high cost due to the epitaxial growth requirements and the ecological issue due to the use of highly toxic heavy-metal elements. Toward an alternative SWIR photodetection strategies, in this work, high-performance heavy-metal-free flexible photodetectors sensitive to λ = 1.5 μm photons are presented based on the formation of a solution-processed hybrid composing of a conjugated diketopyrrolopyrrole-base polymer/PC70BM bulk heterojunction organic host together with inorganic guest NaYF4:15%Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). Under the illumination of λ = 1.5 μm SWIR photons, optimized hybrid BHJ/UCNP photodetectors exhibit a photoresponsivity of 0.73 mA/W and 0.44 mA/W respectively for devices built on rigid ITO/glass and flexible ITO/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. These hybrid photodetectors are capable of performing SWIR photodetection with a fast operation speed, characterized by a short photocurrent rise time down to 80 μs, together with an excellent mechanical robustness for flexible applications. Exhibiting simultaneously multiple advantages including solution-processability, flexibility, and the absence of toxic heavy metal elements together with a fast operation speed and good photoresponsivity, these hybrid BHJ(DPPTT-T/PC70BM)/UCNP photodetectors are promising candidates for next-generation low-cost and high-performance SWIR photodetectors.
关键词： nanocrystals,short-wave infrared,flexible,solution process,hybrid photodetectors
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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5H-Benzo[d]Benzo[4,5]Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]Thiazine as a Novel Electron-Acceptor Cored High Triplet Energy Bipolar Host Material for Efficient Solution-Processable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
摘要： Organic entities that can transport electrons are seldom available to develop adequate bipolar host materials applicable for solution-processable thermally activated delayed ?uorescence (TADF)-organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Therefore, the introduction of new electron-af?ne entities that plausibly demonstrate high triplet energy (ET) is of urgent need. In this contribution, we introduced benzimidazo[1,2-a][3,1]benzothiazine (BBIT) as a novel electron-af?ne entity and developed two new bipolar host materials, CzBBIT and 2CzBBIT. Both host materials exhibit high ET of 3.0 eV, superior thermal robustness with the thermal decomposition temperature of up to 392?C, a glass transition temperature of up to 161?C, and high solubility in common organic solvents. Consequently, the solution-processable OLEDs fabricated using a recognized IAcTr-out as the green TADF emitter doped into CzBBIT as the host, realized a maximum external quantum ef?ciency (EQE) of 23.3%, while the 2CzBBIT:IAcTr-out blend ?lm-based device displayed an EQE of 18.7%. These outcomes corroborated that this work could shed light on the scienti?c community on the design of new electron-af?ne entities to establish the effective use of bipolar host materials toward pro?cient solution-processable TADF-OLEDs.
关键词： bipolar hosts,new electron-acceptor core,thermally activated delayed ?uorescence,organic light emitting diodes,solution process
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59