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Photobiological properties of phthalocyanine photosensitizers Photosens, Holosens and Phthalosens: A comparative in vitro analysis
摘要： Photobiological properties of phthalocyanine photosensitizers, namely, clinically approved Photosens and new compounds Holosens and Phthalosens were analyzed on transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (T24) and human hepatic adenocarcinoma (SK-HEP-1). Photosens is a sulfated aluminum phthalocyanine with the number of sulfo groups 3.4, which is characterized by a high degree of hydrophilicity, slow cellular uptake, localization in lysosomes and the lowest photodynamic activity. Holosens is an octacholine zinc phthalocyanine, a cationic compound with significant charge. Holosens more efficiently enters the cells; it is localized in Golgi apparatus in addition to lysosomes and exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on cell viability upon irradiation. The highest photodynamic activity was demostrated by Phthalosens. Phthalosens is a metal-free analog of Photosens with a number of sulfo groups 2.5, which determines its amphiphilicity. Phthalosens is characterized by the highest rate of cellular uptake through the outer cell membrane, localization in cell membrane as well as in lysosomes and Golgi apparatus, and the highest activity upon irradiation among the photosensitizers studied. In general, changes in the physicochemical properties of Holosens and Phthalosens ensured an increase in their efficiency in vitro compared to Photosens. The features of accumulation, intracellular distribution and their interrelation with photodynamic activity, revealed in this work, indicate the prospects of Phthalosens and Holosens for clinical practice.
关键词： Photodynamic treatment,photodynamic activity,Holosens,dark toxicity,Phthalosens,Photosens,intracellular distribution,phthalocyanines
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Effect of plasma treatment on adhesion strength and moisture absorption characteristics between epoxy molding compound/silicon chip (EMC/chip) interface
摘要： Reliability of interface between two dissimilar materials becomes an important issue due to increasing demands of high-density integrated circuits. Most of failures of semiconductor package occur at the interface between two dissimilar materials in high temperature reflow process, thus, adhesion strength under high temperature should be investigated. In this study, an adhesion shear test jig was newly devised to measure the adhesion strength of epoxy molding compound/Si chip (EMC/chip) interface at high temperature (200 °C). In order to investigate the effect of plasma treatment on adhesion strength and moisture absorption characteristics, the number of plasma treatments was varied. Also, moisture absorption time was varied to observe the moisture uptake and degradation of adhesion strength with respect to plasma treatment number. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was analyzed to verify the surface roughness of silicon chip, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe cross-sectional fractured morphology after adhesion strength test. From this study, it was found that the plasma treatments affect much the adhesion strength and moisture uptake at the interface between the EMC/Chip interface.
关键词： Semiconductor package,Moisture absorption,Adhesion strength,Plasma treatment
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Improvement of Cancer Therapy by TAT Peptide Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles
摘要： Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are potent anticancer agent that controls drug delivery to tumors. Here, we describe the identification of TAT-Cell Penetrating Peptide (TAT-CPP) conjugated AuNPs, as a novel delivery system to the cancerous regions. TAT-peptide was modified to BSA-AuNPs [Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) coated AuNPs] electrostatically. The binding efficiency of TAT-AuNPs was tested using Dynamic Light Scattering, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and Zeta potential. The nano-complex (BSA-AuNPs; with and without TAT-CPP) was applied against Rhabdomyosarcoma and Murine fibroblast (L20B) cancer lines, in vitro. Cytotoxicity effect was evaluated by MTT assay at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml concentration for 24 and 48 h incubation time. Results demonstrated that TAT-(BSA-AuNPs) exhibits significant toxicity for both cancer cell lines. TAT-CPP has improved cancer cell reduction, where cytotoxicity more than 80% has been achieved. This study was conducted to achieve the simplicity and facility in cancer therapy, where the small-sized TAT-AuNPs acts as a simple therapeutic agent in the specific delivery and targeting the deep, irregular, and complicated cancer regions in the human body. Therefore, it could replace other cancer treatment techniques, even dispense the laser irradiation in the phototherml therapy.
关键词： BSA,CPP,Small sized gold nanoparticles,Cancer treatment,TAT
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Copper-doped hybrid Agx–Auy@ZnO nanoparticles and their enhanced photocatalytic activities
摘要： In this paper, we report on the simple polyol synthesis of copper-doped hybrid Agx–Auy@ZnO photocatalysts. The obtained samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and an N2 adsorption study. The experiment results show that Ag, Au and Ag–Au alloy nanoparticles (NPs) successfully load onto the surface of the assembled Cu-doped ZnO. The photocatalytic performances of Cu-doped Agx–Auy@ZnO nanomaterials have been tested using diuron herbicide as a model contaminant under simulated solar light irradiation. The addition of Ag and/or Au nanoparticles to doped ZnO was strongly beneficial to the rate constant displaying a volcano-like pattern as a function of the Ag and Au content. A maximum pseudo-first-order rate constant of 18.55 × 10?3 min?1, 22.70 × 10?3 min?1 and 24.74 × 10?3 min?1 was achieved on Cu-doped Ag0.3@ZnO, Au0.5@ZnO and Ag0.5–Au0.3@ZnO respectively. The Cu-doped Ag0.5–Au0.3@ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles show the highest photocatalytic activity due to the synergistic effect by effective electron transfer.
关键词： Hybrid photocatalyst,Copper-doped,Diuron,Water treatment,Polyol process,One pot,Zinc oxide,Gold,Photocatalysis,Solar light,Silver
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Enhanced electrocatalytic production of H2O2 at Co-based air-diffusion cathodes for the photoelectro-Fenton treatment of bronopol
摘要： (Co, S, P)-decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been synthesized following a hydrothermal route as electrocatalysts to manufacture large surface area air-diffusion cathodes with carbon cloth as substrate. The enhanced electrocatalytic H2O2 production as compared with Co-free MWCNTs cathodes was demonstrated in a 2.5-L pre-pilot plant with either a RuO2-based or boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode, accumulating between 2- and 3-fold greater H2O2 contents with the catalyzed cathode. The good stability of this new material was ensured from the low Co leaching, with less than 9% Co released to solutions upon repeated usage. Aqueous solutions of the brominated organic preservative bronopol with 0.050 M Na2SO4 at pH 3.0 were comparatively treated by electro-oxidation (EO-H2O2), electro-Fenton (EF), UVA-assisted photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) and solar PEF (SPEF) at constant current density. SPEF with BDD anode and the catalyzed cathode showed the best performance, with total bronopol removal at 210 min and 94% mineralization after 360 min at 40 mA cm-2, thanks to the action of ?OH, BDD(?OH) and sunlight. Formic acid was identified as main reaction by-product, whereas Br and N atoms were mainly converted to Br-, BrO3- and NO3-. Some unidentified organic by-product containing Br and N was formed as well.
关键词： Photoelectro-Fenton process,Bronopol,H2O2 electrogeneration,Wastewater treatment,Pre-pilot plant
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Influence of porosity and pore size on sputtering of nanoporous structures by low-energy Ar ions: Molecular dynamics study
摘要： In this paper we have carried out molecular dynamics simulation of the low-energy Ar ion irradiation of nanoporous homogeneous material with different porosity and pore sizes. Our results demonstrate that in a model with small pores (Rpore = 0.8 nm) and relatively low (22%) porosity, the pores at near-surface layers collapsed due to the ion bombardment, whereas in a model with larger pores (Rpore = 2.8 nm) and higher (44%) porosity no significant structural changes occurred under the same irradiation conditions. To study thermal stability of porous structures and to reveal the effects of both the pore radius and the porosity on pore collapsing, our nanoporous structures were subjected to gradual heating. The simulation results demonstrate distinct mechanisms of structural changes in the nanoporous materials depending on the value of the excess surface energy per unit volume.
关键词： low-k dielectrics,plasma treatment,nanoporous material,pore collapse,sputtering
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Artificial neural network modeling of a pilot plant jet-mixing UV/hydrogen peroxide wastewater treatment system
摘要： This study deals with the modeling and simulation of an efficient pilot plant photo-chemical wastewater treatment reactor. Treatment of an azo dye (i.e. direct red 23) was performed using a UV/H2O2 process in a jet mixing photo-reactor with 10-L volume. To model the reactor and simulate the treatment process, six important, influential physical and chemical factors such as nozzle angle (hN), nozzle diameter (dN), flow-rate (Q), irradiation time (t), H2O2 initial concentration ([H2O2]0), and pH, were taken into account. In this regard, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were employed as a powerful modeling methodology. Six different ANN architectures were constructed and most appropriate numbers for hidden neuron and learning iteration were determined based on minimization of the mean square error (MSE) function related to the testing data sets. Furthermore, simulation of the reactor efficiency, as well as sensitivity analysis, was performed via the cross-validation outputs. It was found that a three-layered feed-forward ANN composes ten hidden neurons, calibrated at 100th iteration using “trainlm” as learning algorithm and “tansig” and “purelin” as transfer functions in the hidden and output layers can model the process as the best case. The order of importance for variation of the key factors were indicated as [H2O2]0 > t > pH > Q > hN > dN.
关键词： dyes,simulation,wastewater treatment,Advance oxidation process,neural networks,photodegradation,batch reactor
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Fabrication and up-conversion fluorescence property of Er<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup> co-doped Ca-Si-Ti biomaterials
摘要： This work demonstrates bulk-type up-conversion biomaterials which could be used as a bone repair material with the ability to monitor bone mineralization. Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped Ca-Si-Ti (CST3: TiO2 content is 30 mol%) bulk biomaterials were prepared via containerless processing technique in an aerodynamic levitation furnace and with subsequently heat treatment. The up-conversion fluorescence property was influenced by Yb3+ doping concentration, heat-treatment and mineralization in simulated body fluid (SBF). Optimum emission intensities were obtained for the sample with 20 mol% of Yb3+ doping concentration and heat treatment at 937 °C for 2 h. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) deposition was observed on the surface of the samples after soaking in SBF for 14 days, and the up-conversion fluorescence intensity of the samples decreased with the increase of soaking time. This indicates that Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped CST3 materials are bioactive, in which the HAP mineralization in bone repair could be monitored by measuring the intensity change of up-conversion fluorescence.
关键词： Heat treatment,Up-conversion fluorescence,Containerless processing,Mineralization,Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped Ca-Si-Ti biomaterial
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Color removal from wastewater by photocatalytic process using titanium dioxide-coated glass, ceramic tile, and stainless steel sheets
摘要： Dye pollutants from textile industries are a major wastewater problem because they have complex chemical structures. Photocatalysis is a promising wastewater treatment method, which is used to remove dyes under light irradiation in the presence of a photocatalyst. In this article, titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst was synthesized through sol-gel technique and coated on different substrates (i.e. transparent glass, glazed ceramic tile, and stainless steel) by doctor blade technique. The coated substrates were used in an innovative reactor to remove colors in dye wastewater. The photocatalytic activities of the designed reactor were determined using a synthetic dye wastewater (methylene blue) under UV irradiations (36W-UVA or 30W-UVC lamps). The results showed that the optimum substrate yielded the highest color removal efficiency (93.03 ± 0.66%) was TiO2-coated glass under UVC irradiation. The recycling ability of TiO2-coated glass sheet was also evaluated. It was found that TiO2-coated glass sheet provided the same efficiencies for 20 cycles. In addition, the actual wastewater from textile industry was tested in this study with different pH values (i.e. pH = 3e11). The maximum color removal obtained was 87.86 ± 0.23% at pH value 11 on TiO2-coated glass under UVC irradiation. The color removal was found to decrease with decreasing pH.
关键词： Photocatalysis,Color removal,Wastewater treatment,Titanium dioxide,Dye wastewater
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Highly efficient method for oxidation of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in water, utilizing a combination of UVC light and dissolved oxygen
摘要： Hydrogen sul?de is a hazardous contaminant that may appear in well-water and in sewage streams. Here we present a very e?cient way for the removal of H2S from well-water, based on combining UVC light and oxygen. The method was tested with H2S-enriched tap water as well as with natural well water, both of which containing up to 20 mg/L of H2S. A conversion of up to 90% was obtained within a residence time of no more than a few minutes. The quantum e?ciency, de?ned as the ratio between the number of removed H2S molecules to the number of impinging photons, was found to be as high as 70%, depending on conditions. The main product was found to be sulfate, without the appearance of elemental sulfur, i.e. with no major change in turbidity. The absence of sulfur in the outlet stream in of large importance when treating H2S-containing well-water, since it omits the need for posttreatment removal of particles. Results are explained by the excitation of HS- species, following by formation of polysul?de anions that readily react with any formed elemental sulfur, eventually yielding sulfate ions.
关键词： AOP,Water treatment,Sulfate,Hydrogen sul?de,Oxidation
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52