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Low-temperature Synthesized Nba??doped TiO <sub/>2</sub> Electron Transport Layer enabling High-efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells by Band Alignment Tuning
摘要： An Nb-doped TiO2 (Nb-TiO2) film comprising a double structure stacked with a bottom compact layer and top mesoporous layers was synthesized by treating a Ti precursor-coated substrate using a one-step low-temperature steam-annealing (SA) method. SA-based Nb-TiO2 films possess high crystallinity and conductivity, and that allows better control over the conduction band (CB) of the TiO2 for electron transport layer (ETL) of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by the Nb doping level. Optimization of power conversion efficiency (PCE) for the Nb-TiO2 based ETL was combined with CB level tuning of the mixed-halide perovskite by changing the Br/I ratio. This band offset management enabled to establish the most suitable energy levels between ETL and perovskites. This method was applied to reduce the bandgap of perovskite to enhance photocurrent density while maintaining a high open-circuit voltage. As a result, the optimal combination of 5 mol% Nb-TiO2 ETL and 10 mol%-Br in the mixed-halide perovskite exhibited high photovoltaic performance for low-temperature device fabrication, achieving a high yield PCE of 21.3%.
关键词： low-temperature process,solvent-free hydrothermal synthesis,electron transport layer,steam-annealing method,Perovskite solar cell,niobium-doped TiO2
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Commercially Available Jeffamine Additives for pa??ia??n Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Commercially available Jeffamines (polyetheramine) with average molecular weights of defects in the grain boundaries of perovskite through the coordination bonding between the nitrogen atom and the uncoordinated lead ion of perovskite. We fabricated p–i–n PSC devices end-capping on the polyether backbone; and propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO) The results indicated that the embedding of Jeffamine additives effectively passivates the Jeffamine)/PC61BM/BCP/Ag. We observed the interaction between the Jeffamine and with the structure of glass/indium tin oxide (ITO)/NiOx/CH3NH3PbI3 (with and without functionality were explored as additives for application in MAPbI3perovskite solar cells (PSCs). 2000 and 3000 g mol–1; one (M2005), two (D2000), and three (T3000) primary amino groups films were studied. The interaction between the additive and perovskite reinforced the 16.8%relative to the control device. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the perovskite enabled the construction of high-performance p–i–n PSCs. For the Jeffamine-D2000-derived device, we observed an increase in the power conversion efficiency from 14.5% to perovskites. This interaction led to increased lifetimes of the carriers of perovskite, which Keywords: Additive, Defect Passivation, Coordination bonds, Perovskite solar cell, flexibility of the thin film, which may pave the way for stretchable optoelectronics. Photoelectric conversion efficiency
关键词： Photoelectric conversion efficiency,Additive,Coordination bonds,Perovskite solar cell,Defect Passivation
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Low Temperaturea??Processed Zr/F Coa??Doped SnO <sub/>2</sub> Electron Transport Layer for Higha??Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The energy band position and conductivity of electron transport layers (ETLs) are essential factors that restrict the efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells (p-PSCs). Tin oxide (SnO2) has become a primary material in ETLs due to its mild synthesis condition, but its low conduction band position and limited intrinsic carriers are disadvantageous in electron transport. To solve these problems, this work exquisitely designs a Zr/F co-doped SnO2 ETL. The doping of Zr can raise the conduction band of SnO2, which reduces the energy barrier in electron extraction and inhibits the interface recombination between the ETL and perovskite. The open-circuit voltage (VOC) of p-PSCs consequently increases. F? doping belongs to n-type doping. Thus, it equips SnO2 with a large number of free electrons and improves the conductivity of the ETL and short-circuit current (JSC). The device based on Zr/F co-doped ETL achieves a high efficiency of 19.19% and exhibits a reduced hysteresis effect, which is more satisfactory than that of a pristine device (17.35%). Overall, our research successfully adjusts the energy band match and boosts the conductivity of ETL via Zr/F co-doping. The results provide an effective strategy for fabricating high-efficiency p-PSCs.
关键词： electron transport layer,Zr/F co-doping,energy level match,planar perovskite solar cell,tin oxide (SnO2)
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Ozone-mediated Controllable Hydrolysis for High Quality Amorphous NbO <sub/>x</sub> Electron Transport Layer in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Amorphous NbOx electron transport layer (ETL) shows great potential for boosting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) at low temperature (< 100 °C). To date, it is still a challenge to simultaneously control the hydrolysis of NbOx precursor solution and reduce the impurities of NbOx ETLs during low-temperature solution processing under ambient conditions. Herein, for the first time, we report ozone (O3) as a strong ligand to stabilize Nb salt solution under ambient conditions. The above procedure not only provides the formation of a highly repeatable amorphous NbOx film by suppressing the hydrolysis of the solution but also reduces the OH content in the film, which decreases the defect intensity and improves the conductivity of the NbOx ETL. Thus, the formation of highly repeatable NbOx ETL-based PSCs are obtained; moreover, these PSCs have high PCE of 19.54% and 16.42% on rigid and flexible substrate, respectively, much higher than the devices based on ETLs from a solution without an O3 treatment.
关键词： NbOx,electron transport layer,perovskite solar cell,amorphous oxide semiconductors,low temperature
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Energy-Level Graded Al-doped ZnO Protection Layer for Copper Nanowire-Based Window Electrodes for Efficient Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted significant interest as promising candidates for portable and wearable devices. Copper nanowires (CuNWs) are promising candidates for transparent conductive electrodes for flexible PSCs because of their excellent conductivity, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, because of the thermal/chemical instability of CuNWs, they require a protective layer for application in PSCs. Previous PSCs with CuNW-based electrodes generally exhibited poor performances compared with their indium tin oxide (ITO)-based counterparts due to the neglect of the interfacial energetics between electron transport layer (ETL) and CuNWs. Herein, an Al-doped ZnO (AZO) protective layer fabricated using atomic layer deposition (ALD) is introduced. The AZO/CuNW-based composite electrode exhibits improved thermal/chemical stability and favorable band alignment between the ETL and CuNWs, based on the Al dopant concentration tuning. As a result, the Al content gradient AZO (g-AZO), composed of three successively deposited AZO layers, leads to highly efficient flexible PSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.18%, whereas the PCE of PSCs with non-gradient AZO layer is 12.34%. This improvement can be attributed to the efficient electron extraction and reduced charge recombination. Furthermore, flexible PSCs based on g-AZO-based composite electrodes retain their initial PCE, even after 600 bending cycles, demonstrating excellent mechanical stability.
关键词： copper nanowire,flexible perovskite solar cell,transparent bottom electrode,energy level alignment,atomic layer deposition
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Based on NiO <sub/>x</sub> Nano Film with Enhanced Efficiency and Stability
摘要： The organometal halide perovskite (OHP) materials have attracted much attention throughout the world due to their superb optoelectronic properties. Tremendous progress has been made in the OHP based solar cells with increased efficiency from 3.8% to 24.2% within the last decade, benefiting from efforts in the photovoltaic field. However, all the OHP solar cells with highest efficient are based on a normal mesoporous structure with TiO2 at the bottom, which needs high temperature process. The inverted planar structure OHP solar cells based on PEDOT:PSS suffer from low efficiency (lower than 15%) and inferior stability due to degradation of PEDOT:PSS in ambient air. Herein, we employed sol–gel method to fabricate a NiOx nano film as the hole transporting layer for inverted OHP solar cells. The device performance based on PEDOT:PSS and NiOx were systematically investigated. It was found that the perovskite films on NiOx film had larger grain size and thus lower defects’ density. The Capacitance–Voltage measurement indicated that the device based on NiOx exhibited larger built-in potential, which significantly enhanced the open-circuit potential of the OHP solar cells. Furthermore, the solar cell based on NiOx nano film exhibited excellent stability compared with the PEDOT:PSS based device, due to robust property of NiOx in ambient air.
关键词： Stability,Perovskite Solar Cell,Large Grain Size,NiOx Nano Film,High Efficiency
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Effects of interfacial energy level alignment on carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance of inverted perovskite solar cells
摘要： Metal doping is an efficient method for optimizing NiOx as hole transport material in the inverted perovskite solar cells, which can contribute to the optimization of the interfacial energy level alignment, while the underlying influencing mechanism on the charge carrier dynamics and device performance needs to be further elucidated. In this work, NiOx films with modulated energy levels are obtained via Li doping and examined by ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometer. The effects of the energy level alignment of NiOx on the carrier transfer and recombination dynamics are elucidated by transient photovoltage/photocurrent and transient fluorescence dynamics. The Li doping can significantly shift the valence band of NiOx downward, and the 4% Li content endows NiOx with the optimal energy level matching with perovskite and the best charge separation/transfer ability, which can be confirmed through the photoluminescence results. The corresponding device possesses superior photovoltaic parameters with the champion power conversion efficiency of 17.34%, 37% higher than device based on pure NiOx. The results highlight that proper metal doping can optimize the energy level of the hole transport material to well match the perovskite, thus efficiently promoting charge separation and inhibiting charge recombination, which leads to the enhancement of the device performances.
关键词： Li-doped NiOx,Inverted perovskite solar cell,Charge transport/recombination dynamics,Energy level alignment
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Influence of TiO <sub/>2</sub> layer on ultimate efficiencies for planar and nano-textured CH <sub/>3</sub> NH <sub/>3</sub> PbI <sub/>3</sub> solar cells
摘要： The influence of TiO2 layer on the ultimate efficiencies, η, i.e. efficiencies without considering carrier recombination, for the planar and nano-textured CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (SCs) are investigated. In planar TiO2/MAPbI3 heterojunction SCs, in order to achieve the largest power conversion efficiency (PCE), the TiO2 layer thickness, d1, is important. With the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, we demonstrated that when the MAPbI3 layer thickness, d2, is 250 nm, which is a common-most MAPbI3 layer thickness for perovskite SCs, η achieves maximum when d1 is 80 nm. Fabricating nano textures on SC surface is an important method to improve the PCE. We studied the effects of d1 and d2 on the optimized η, η0, for two kinds of nano-textured perovskite SCs: the SCs with the nontextured TiO2 layer and the column-shaped nano hollow (CLH) textured MAPbI3 layer, defined as the nontextured-TiO2/CLH-MAPbI3 SCs, and the SCs with CLH textured TiO2 and CLH textured MAPbI3 layers of the same hollow axes and radius, defined as the CLH-(TiO2/MAPbI3) SCs. Generally, when d1 and d2 are fixed, η0 for the CLH-(TiO2/MAPbI3) SC is larger than that for the nontextured-TiO2/CLH-MAPbI3 SC by ca. 5%.
关键词： power conversion efficiency,perovskite solar cell,FDTD method,nano texture,light absorption
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Accurately Stoichiometric Regulating Oxidation States in Hole Transporting Material to Enhance the Hole Mobility of Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： In the traditional n-i-p type perovskite solar cells (PSCs), most hole transporting materials (HTMs) rely on an uncontrolled oxidative process by using Li salt and Co (III) complex to achieve sufficient hole mobilities. Herein, we demonstrate a stabilized oxidized-phenothiazine-based HTM (OPTZ) synthesized from its neutral form (NPTZ) through a photo-redox reaction. This controllable and stable oxidation state is mainly derived from the planar structure and π-conjugation of phenothiazine core in OPTZ. The energy gap between SOMO (singly-occupied-molecular-orbital) of OPTZ and HOMO (highest-occupied-molecular-orbital) of NPTZ can suitably promote the hole hopping in hole transporting layers. Using an optimized ratio of OPTZ as dopant in NPTZ, the hole transporting mobility is effectively enhanced owing to intra- and inter-molecular charge transfer process, resulting in an enhancement in the fill factor of the PSCs. This work can provide a new strategy to obtain stabilized oxidized-HTMs, which deliver significantly enhanced hole mobilities of HTMs in PSCs.
关键词： phenothiazine,hole transport material,hole mobility,perovskite solar cell,radical cation
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Sandwich-like electron transporting layer to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells
摘要： Passivating the carrier recombination at the heterojunction interface and improving the efficiency of charge separation are effective means to boost the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The interface modification between the anode and the electron transporting layer (ETL) or constructing bilayer structural ETLs has been proved to be the effective way to achieve high-efficient charge extraction and collection. Combining the advantages of both techniques might further achieve lower energy loss and higher efficiency in PSCs. Herein, we design a sandwich-like SnO2-CQDs-SnO2 (S–C–S) ETLs, i.e. an ultrathin band-gap tunable carbon quantum dots (CQDs) layer is inserted between ultrathin SnO2 bottom layer and SnO2 top layer. The bottom ultrathin SnO2 layer passivates the defects of SnO2:F (FTO) and reduces the carrier recombination at the FTO/ETLs interface. The CQDs layer enhances the optical transmission of ETLs, accelerates carrier transport process and improves the hole-blocking ability. Such S–C–S ETLs greatly enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs and eliminate hysteresis to the maximum extent. This work provides a new concept for designing novel electronic transmission materials for solar cells, and lays the foundation for further achieving higher PCE in PSCs.
关键词： Power conversion efficiency,Sandwich-like electron transporting layer,Band alignment,Perovskite solar cell,Interface modification
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59