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- 2020
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- fast processes in solids
- femtosecond interferometry
- femtosecond laser radiation
- Materials characterization
- laser additive manufacturing
- selective laser sintering
- Additive manufacturing
- selective laser melting
- plasmonic nanostructures
- melt
- Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- Electronic Science and Technology
- NXP Semiconductors
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI
- University of Johannesburg
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- Université de Toulouse
- Vladimir State University
- SCREEN SPE
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Analysis of microstructure and mechanical strength of lap joints of TZM alloy welded by a fiber laser
摘要： The application of molybdenum alloys to structural components is severely limited due to their poor weldability with serious defects of porosity and joint embrittlement after welding despite their high melting temperature, hot strength and creep resistance. A systematical experimental study has been conducted to explore the potential of laser welding of 0.5 mm-thick Titanium-zirconium-molybdenum (TZM) alloy in a lap welding configuration. Porosity was found to be the most serious problem in the TZM laser lap welding process. Introducing an interface gap of 0.09 mm had the most positive effect in reducing the porosity compared to using helium gas, different shielding gas flow rates, adding alloy element and different heat input rate. With the use of 0.09 mm-interface gap, the porosity of the weld joint was reduced to 3%. The tensile stress of the bead on plate (BOP) welded joint could achieve about 60% that of the base metal. The fracture stress of the lap welded joint obtained by using 0.09 mm-interface gap in tensile-shear test was about 142 MPa. The porosity and embrittlement were responsible for the reduction of the strength and ductility of the welded joint.
关键词： Porosity,Mechanical property,Molybdenum alloy,Laser welding
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Effects of titanium on grain boundary strength in molybdenum laser weld bead and formation and strengthening mechanisms of brazing layer
摘要： Molybdenum has tremendous application potential in the nuclear power field, but its application is limited by the grain-boundary embrittlement of fusion-welded joints made of it. In this study, titanium was selected as an alloying element to reduce brittleness of laser weld beads in molybdenum "cladding-end plug" socket joints. Brazing was also performed to enhance the joint strength. Joints with the same strength as base material and a hydraulic bursting pressure of 60 MPa were produced using a combination of the two methods. The analysis indicates the following. After being added to the weld bead, titanium was able to combine with the free oxygen, forming TiO2 and reducing the MoO2 content on grain boundary surface. Oxygen and MoO2 are both the main causes of the embrittlement of molybdenum grain boundaries. In addition, by taking advantage of the high melting point and thermal conductivity of molybdenum, a titanium foil pre-placed between the tube and rod in the socket joint was melted, forming metallurgical bonding, which further improved the bearing capacity of the joint.
关键词： laser beam welding,titanium,brazing,molybdenum,grain boundary embrittlement
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Analysis of properties laser welded RAK 40/70 steel sheets
摘要： Both, the ecological production and operation of vehicles demand using such materials for deformation zones’ structural parts, which show some specific properties and use innovative technologies to process them. Specific requirements for functionality (strength, stiffness, deformation work, fatigue properties) are closely linked to processability (formability). In the paper are presented results for multiphase TRIP steel RAK40/70 when welded by pulse solid-state fiber laser YLS-5000. Based on microstructure analysis in the fusion zone and heat affected zone the welding parameters were optimised. The influence of laser welding on the strength and deformation properties was verified by characteristics of strength, stiffness and deformation work, as they were calculated from mechanical properties measured by tensile test and three-point bending test. The knowledge gathered in the field of laser welding influence on the strength and deformation properties of multiphase TRIP steel RAK40/70 should help designers when design the lightweight structural parts of the car body.
关键词： mechanical properties,TRIP steel,RAK 40/70,microstructure,laser welding
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Effect of pre-existing nuclei on crystallization during laser welding of Zr-based metallic glass
摘要： In this study, experiments are carried out in laser welding of a Zr-based (Zr52.5Ti5Al10Ni14Cu17.9) bulk metallic glass (BMG), pre-existing nuclei nucleus density has significant influence on its crystallization behavior. Based on the classical nucleation/growth theory, it is concluded that a small amount of pre-existing nuclei in a BMG can shift the time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curve from a well-known ‘C-shape’ to a ‘ε-shape.’ This result provides fundamental understanding on why the shape of the TTT curve for a heating process is different from that for a cooling process for the same BMG. Two quality factors were defined as a measure of the effect of pre-existing nucleus density. By integrating the classical nucleation/growth theory with the heat transfer model, the evolution of crystalline phase during laser welding for a BMG with pre-existing nuclei was studied, and the modeling predictions compared favorably with the experimental results.
关键词： Crystallization,Nucleation and growth,Laser processing,Metallic glasses,Amorphous alloys
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Process control and quality assurance in remote laser beam welding by optical coherence tomography
摘要： Remote laser beam welding significantly outperforms conventional joining techniques in terms of flexibility and productivity. This process benefits in particular from a highly focused laser radiation and thus from a well-defined heat input. The small spot sizes of high brilliance laser beam sources, however, require a highly dynamic and precise positioning of the beam. Also, the laser intensities typically applied in this context result in high process dynamics and in demand for a method to ensure a sufficient weld quality. A novel sensor concept for remote laser processing based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used for both quality assurance and edge tracking. The OCT sensor was integrated into a 3D scanner head equipped with an additional internal scanner to deflect the measuring beam independently of the processing beam. With this system, the surface topography of the process zone as well as the surrounding area can be recorded. Fundamental investigations on aluminum, copper, and galvanized steel were carried out. Initially, the influence of the material, the angle of incidence, the welding position within the scanning field, and the temperature on the OCT measuring signal were evaluated. Based on this, measuring strategies for edge tracking were developed and validated. It was shown that orthogonal measuring lines in the advance of the process zone can reliably track the edge of a fillet weld. By recording the topography in the trailing area of the process zone, it was possible to assess the weld seam quality. Comparing the results to microscopic measurements, it was shown that the system is capable of clearly identifying characteristic features of the weld seam. Also, it was possible to observe an influence of the welding process on the surface properties in the heat-affected zone, based on the quality of the measuring signal.
关键词： inline quality assurance,optical coherence tomography,remote laser beam welding,process control
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Effect of Heat Input on Porosity Defects in a Fiber Laser Welded Socket-Joint Made of Powder Metallurgy Molybdenum Alloy
摘要： Porosity defects are still a challenging issue in the fusion welding of molybdenum and its alloys due to the pre-existing interior defects associated with the powder metallurgy process. Fiber laser welding of end plug and cladding tube made of nanostructured high-strength molybdenum (NS-Mo) alloy was performed in this work with an emphasis on the role of welding heat input. The distribution and morphology of porosity defects in the welded joints were examined by computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Preliminary results showed that laser welding of NS-Mo under low heat input significantly reduced the porosity defects in the fusion zone. The results of computed tomography (CT) showed that when the welding heat input decreased from 3600 J/cm (i.e., 1200 W, 0.2 m/min) to 250 J/cm (i.e., 2500 W, 6 m/min), the porosity ratio of the NS-Mo joints declined from 10.7% to 2.1%. Notable porosity defects under high heat input were related to the instability of the keyhole, expansion and the merging of bubbles in the molten pool, among which the instability of the keyhole played the dominant role. The porous defects at low heat input were generated as bubbles released from the powder metallurgy base metal (BM) did not have enough time to overflow and escape.
关键词： fiber laser welding,molybdenum alloy,porosity defects,heat input
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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High Temperature Oxidation and Wear Resistance of In Situ Synthesized (Ti3Al?+?TiB)/Ti Composites by Laser Cladding
摘要： (Ti3Al + TiB)/Ti composites were prepared on Ti6Al4V by laser cladding. The microstructures of the coatings were analyzed; the high temperature wear and oxidation properties of the coatings were investigated and compared with Ti6Al4V. Ti3Al and TiB particles were in situ formed through the reaction between Ti and AlB2. The reinforcements exhibited some crystallographic orientation relationships with a-Ti matrix, and a semi-coherent interface (Ti3Al) or a coherent interface (TiB) was obtained. The weight gain of the coating under each combination of temperature and time condition was 20 to 30 pct of the value of Ti6Al4V under the same experimental parameters. A denser and well-bonded TiO2 + Al2O3 layer was formed, effectively hindering the oxygen diffusion compared with the TiO2 layer on Ti6Al4V. EBSD result showed that the Al2O3 mainly assembled into clusters and located close to the interface while the outer area of the oxidation layer was mainly TiO2. The friction coefficients and wear losses of the coatings were lower than those of the substrates at 300 °C to 750 °C. The oxidation was a crucial factor affecting the wear performance at high temperatures. The protective effect of the TiO2 + Al2O3 layer and the formation of transfer films on the worn surface contributed to the improved wear resistance of the coating.
关键词： TiB,Laser Cladding,Wear Resistance,Ti Composites,In Situ Synthesized,High Temperature Oxidation,Ti3Al
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Hyperspectral and thermal temperature estimation during laser cladding
摘要： Although there is no doubt about the tremendous industrial potential of metal additive manufacturing techniques such as laser metal deposition, the technology still has some intrinsic quality challenges to overcome before reaching its industrial maturity. Noncontact in situ monitoring of the temperature evolution of the workpiece could provide the necessary information to implement an automated closed-loop process control system and optimize the manufacturing process, providing a robust solution to these issues. However, measuring absolute temperatures is not self-evident: wavelength-dependent emissivity values vary between solid, liquid, and mushy metallic regions, requiring spectral information and dedicated postprocessing to relate the amount of emitted infrared radiation to the material temperature. This paper compares the temperature estimation results obtained from a visible and near-infrared hyperspectral line camera and a conventional short-wave infrared (SWIR) thermal camera during the laser melting and cladding of a 316L steel sample. Both methods show agreeing results for the temperature distribution inside the melt pool, with the SWIR camera extending the temperature measurements beyond the melt pool boundaries into the solid region.
关键词： temperature estimation,laser cladding,hyperspectral imaging,additive manufacturing,thermal monitoring
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Mechanism study on the effects of power modulation on energy coupling efficiency in infrared laser welding of highly-reflective materials
摘要： High-reflectivity of materials, such as magnesium, copper and aluminum, results in low thermal efficiency of their infrared laser welding processes. AZ31 magnesium alloy was selected to study the effects of power modulation on energy coupling efficiency in laser welding of highly-reflective materials. A model for the relationship between energy coupling efficiency and modulation parameters was obtained. The energy coupling efficiency in optimized modulated-power laser welding was about 1.58 times that in constant-power welding. The mechanism was explored by analyzing keyhole evolution and the resulted pressure distribution along keyhole wall during welding. The keyhole evolutions in laser continuous welding of common material (Q345 steel, reflectivity of 65%) and highly-reflective material (AZ31, reflectivity of 85%) were observed through high-speed imaging by utilizing a half sandwich method. The results indicated that the secret of improving energy coupling efficiency of laser welding process of highly-reflective materials through power modulation was the formation of a deep keyhole and its long life. When instantaneous power decreased from the peak, there was still enough recoil pressure at the bottom of keyhole to resist surface tension and hydrostatic pressure of liquid metal, which was the fundamental reason for the long time existence of keyhole with a large depth.
关键词： laser welding,magnesium alloy,recoil pressure,keyhole,highly-reflective materials,power modulation
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Effects of Power Modulation, Multipass Remelting and Zr Addition Upon Porosity Defects in Laser Seal Welding of End Plug to Thin-Walled Molybdenum Alloy
摘要： Aiming to solve the serious porosity defects in laser welded girth joints of thin-walled tube and end plug made of nano-sized Ce2O3 doped Mo alloy (NC-Mo), the influences of laser power modulation, multipass remelting and zirconium (Zr) addition on the number, size and distribution of porosity defects were experimentally studied. By utilizing X-ray computed tomography (XCT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectrum (RS), the porosity feature of welded joints achieved under various conditions was analyzed. The results showed that welding cycles had a significant influence on the porosity ratio of fusion zone (FZ) while the amplitude and frequency of laser power waveform slightly influenced the porosity. When the welding cycles increased from 2 to 8, the porosity ratio of FZ decreased from about 1.00% to about 0.48% and the maximum and average pore diameters reduced by about 53% and 27%, respectively. Adding minor Zr in molten pool can further reduce the RP of FZ to about 0.35%. Through analysis, it can be seen that the pores in FZ can be divided into irregularly-shaped keyhole-induced pores and spherical metallurgy-induced pores. The latter was generated possibly because some impurity elements (including O and H) pre-existing in base metal (BM). Increasing welding cycles can promote the gas in molten pool to float and outflow, thus significantly decreasing the porosity. Moreover, Zr added in molten pool can be preferentially reacted with O to generate ZrO2, which can inhibit the precipitation of volatile MoO2 to thus suppress the generation of metallurgy-induced pores.
关键词： Molybdenum alloy,Multipass remelting,Power-Modulated laser welding,Zirconium addition,Porosity
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20